Viresh H. Rawal

Chiral Squaramide Derivatives are Excellent Hydrogen Bond Donor Catalysts

Thioureas represent the dominant platform for hydrogen bond promoted asymmetric catalysts. A large number of reactions, reported in scores of publications, have been successfully promoted by chiral thioureas. The present paper reports the use of squaramides as a highly effective new scaffold for the development of chiral hydrogen bond donor catalysts. Squaramide catalysts are very simple to prepare. The (-)-cinchonine modified squaramide (5), easily prepared through a two-step process from methyl squarate, was shown to be an effective catalyst, even at catalyst loadings as low as 0.1 mol%, for the conjugate addition reactions of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to beta-nitrostyrenes. The addition products were obtained in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities.

Hydrogen bonding: Single enantiomers from a chiral-alcohol catalyst

Hydrogen bonding acts as a ubiquitous glue to sustain the intricate architecture and functionality of proteins, nucleic acids and many supramolecular assemblies, but this weak interaction is seldom used as a force for promoting chemical reactions. Here we show that a simple chiral alcohol uses hydrogen bonding to catalyse an important family of cycloaddition reactions of a diene with various aldehydes — moreover, this reaction is highly enantioselective, generating only one of the mirror-image forms of each dihydropyran product. This type of catalysis mimics the action of enzymes and antibodies, and is unlike traditional, metal-based catalysts used in organic chemistry.

Squaramide-catalyzed enantioselective Michael addition of diphenyl phosphite to nitroalkenes.

Horiguchi and Kandatsu’s isolation of 2-amino ethylphosphonic acid from the rumen protozoa in 1959 demonstrated for the first time the occurrence of a C-P bond in nature.[1] Such β-amino phosphonic acids, as phosphorus analogs of β-amino acids, have been the subject of intense interest due to their diverse biological activities.[2] In contrast to the armamentarium of methods for the asymmetric synthesis of α-amino phosphonic acid derivatives,[3, 4] the enantioselective synthesis of β-amino phosphonic acids remains a considerable challenge.[5] A logical solution to this problem is through the enantioselective Michael addition of diaryl or dialkyl phosphites to nitroalkenes to provide β-nitro phosphonates, wherein reduction of the nitro group would produce chiral β-amino phosphonates.[6–8] To date, only two reports describe the use of metal-free catalysts for the conjugate addition reaction of phosphites.[9–11] Wang and coworkers showed in 2007 that quinine promotes this reaction and affords the addition products in modest to very good ee’s.[9] Significantly higher enantioselectivities were obtained by Terada and coworkers, who used an intricate, axially-chiral biaryl guanidine to promote this conjugate addition reaction.[10, 12] In connection with our interest in hydrogen-bond donor promoted enantioselective reactions,[13, 14] we have developed a new family of chiral catalysts based on the squaramide scaffold.[15] The modular nature of this scaffold allows quick access to a wide range of catalysts, tuned with regard to the chiral environment as well as the pKa of the donor hydrogens, and opens up opportunities for the exploration of new reactions and the development of highly effective catalysts for known reactions. We report here that a simple, easily prepared squaramide catalyst promotes the Michael addition reaction of diphenyl phosphite to a broad range of nitroalkenes, both aryl- and alkyl-substituted, affording the products in high yields and uniformly excellent enantioselectivities. Despite the plethora of successful reactions promoted by various thiourea-based catalysts,[16] the only reported use of a chiral thiourea to promote the addition of diphenyl phosphite to trans-β-nitrostyrene is that by Wang, who obtained the addition product in 21% yield and 8% ee after a reaction time of 24 h.[9] Given the structural differences between thioureas and squaramides, particularly the spacing between the two donor hydrogen atoms,[15] we expected to see differences in their reactivity. Indeed, addition of the dimethyl-substituted squaramide 4a[17] to a solution of trans-β-nitrostyrene (1a) and diphenyl phosphite (2) at room temperature promoted a rapid reaction that went to 98% conversion after just 45 minutes and afforded the addition product in 81% ee (Table 1, entry 1). Table 1 Michael addition of diphenyl phosphite (2) to trans-β-nitrostyrene (1a) catalyzed by 4 or 5[a]. In order to optimize the catalyst, a brief study of the structure-enantioselectivity relationship was carried out (Table 1). The effect of various substituents on the amino group of the catalyst was examined first (entries 2–4). Catalyst 4b bearing the bulkier n-propyl groups on the nitrogen improved the enantioselectivity slightly, with accompanying diminution in the reaction rate (entry 2). Higher enantioselectivities were observed when the amine substituents constitute a ring. Thus, the pyrrolidine-substituted catalyst 4c gave the product in 88% ee, and the corresponding piperidine-substituted catalyst 4d catalyst gave the product in 95% ee (entries 3, 4). The improved enantioselectivities from the cyclic substituents, particularly piperidine, are attributed to the relative conformational rigidity of these groups, which allows a more organized transition state, one that better differentiates the two sides of trans-β-nitrostyrene. After a brief survey of different substituents on the aryl moiety, we chose catalyst 5 for further studies, due to its ease of preparation and better catalytic selectivity (entry 5). Catalyst 5 is prepared in 3-steps from commercial starting materials (Scheme 1). Scheme 1 Synthesis of catalyst 5. A survey of solvents showed the phosphite conjugate addition reaction to be relatively insensitive to the solvent used (Table 2). The enantioselectivity obtained in toluene was essentially the same as that obtained in ether solvents, including THF (entries 1–4).[18] Even very polar solvents such as acetonitrile and acetone afforded the addition product in 90% or greater ee (entries 5,6). The best solvent was found to be CH2Cl2, in which, as noted earlier, the room temperature reaction gave the product in 96% ee (entry 7). As expected, the enantioselectivity increased steadily as the reaction temperature was lowered (entries 8–10). Taking into account the practical advantages of carrying out the reaction at 0 °C, this temperature was used for evaluating the scope of the methodology. Table 2 Michael addition of diphenyl phosphite (2) to trans-β-nitrostyrene (1a) catalyzed by 5[a]. A diverse range of aryl-substituted nitroalkene substrates were selected to evaluate the scope of the squaramide catalyzed conjugate addition reaction. As shown in Table 3, the enantioselective conjugate addition reaction is remarkably general: under the optimized conditions, the full spectrum of substrates underwent the reaction in 30 minutes or less and afforded the products in good yields with 96–99% ee, regardless of the electronic properties and locations of substituents. The parent reaction can be scaled up without untoward effect on either the yield or enantioselectivity (entry 1). It is worth noting that even substrates with acidic protons capable of forming competing hydrogen bonds, such as 1l and 1q, were tolerated and afforded the expected products in 98% ee (entries 12, 17). Table 3 Enantioselective Michael addition reaction of diphenyl phosphite (2) to trans-nitroalkenes (1, R = aromatic substituent) catalyzed by 5[a]. Among the most challenging substrates for the organocatalyzed phosphite conjugate addition reaction are alkyl-substituted nitroalkenes.[9, 10] The highest enantioselectivity recorded for such substrates is 87% ee.[19] To evaluate the effectiveness of catalyst 5 in these reactions, several alkyl-substituted nitroalkenes were subjected to the optimized conditions. As summarized in Table 4, excellent enantioselectivities were obtained even for aliphatic nitroalkenes (95–97% ee). Compared to aryl-substituted substrates, the reactions of alkyl substrates were slower, presumably due to steric and electronic factors. To circumvent the slow rate of substrates with secondary and tertiary alkyl groups, the catalyst loading was increased to 20 mol% (entries 4–6). With this modification, even the highly hindered t-butyl-containing substrate 3w reacted to completion, giving the phosphite addition product in 83% yield and 96% ee (entry 6). Table 4 Enantioselective Michael addition reaction of diphenyl phosphite (2) to trans-nitroalkenes (1, R = aliphatic substituent) catalyzed by 5[a]. The results above show squaramide 5 to be a remarkably effective catalyst for the enantioselective Michael addition reactions of diphenyl phosphite to nitroalkenes. The reaction provides a simple, highly enantioselective synthesis of chiral β-nitro phosphonates, which are precursors to biologically active β-amino phosphonic acids. The high yields and uniformly excellent enantioselectivities obtained for both aryl- and alkyl-substituted nitroalkenes, including those bearing acidic protons or sterically-demanding substituents, point to the unique capability of the squaramide scaffold. Given the simple, modular assembly of squaramides, and the ready availability of its precursors, this scaffold is expected to provide many further opportunities in asymmetric catalysis.

Enantioselective α-Amination of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds Using Squaramide Derivatives as Hydrogen Bonding Catalysts

Catalytic enantioselective alpha-hydrazination of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with azodicarboxylates was investigated in the presence of our newly developed hydrogen bonding catalyst, squaramide 3j. High yields and high enantioselectivities were achieved with low catalyst loading under mild conditions.

Thermolytic removal of t-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) protecting group on indoles and pyrroles

The t-Butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) group on indoles and pyrroles can be removed cleanly and in high yield by simple thermolysis: no acid, no base, no solvent is required.

Palladium-Catalyzed β-Allylation of 2,3-Disubstituted Indoles

Given the prevalence of the indole nucleus in biologically active compounds, the direct C3-functionalization of 2,3-disubstituted indoles represents an important problem. Described is a general, high-yielding method for the palladium-catalyzed beta-allylation of carba- and heterocycle fused indoles, including complex natural product substrates.

Palladium-Catalyzed C3-Benzylation of Indoles

A general method for regioselective C3-benzylation of indoles has been developed. Various 3-substituted indoles and benzyl methyl carbonates with different electronic properties react under mild conditions to afford a diverse range of 3-benzylindolenine products in good yields.

Simple Chiral Diene Ligands Provide High Enantioselectivities in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition Reactions

Chiral dienes possessing the bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene framework were prepared readily through the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of ( R)-alpha-phellandrene with methyl propiolate as the key step. Diene 9, substituted with a tertiary alcohol on one of the two double bonds, is prepared in just one step from the cycloadduct and is highly effective as a chiral ligand for rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition reactions, giving the corresponding addition products with higher enantioselectivity than other chiral dienes.

Squaramide-catalyzed enantioselective Michael addition of masked acyl cyanides to substituted enones.

Masked acyl cyanide (MAC) reagents are shown to be effective umpolung synthons for enantioselective Michael addition to substituted enones. The reactions are catalyzed by chiral squaramides and afford adducts in high yields (90–99%) and with excellent enantioselectivities (85–98%). The addition products are unmasked to produce dicyanohydrins that, upon treatment with a variety of nucleophiles, provide γ-keto acids, esters, and amides. The use of this umpolung synthon has enabled, in enantiomerically enriched form, the first total synthesis of the prenylated phenol (+)-fornicin C.

Total Synthesis of N-Methylwelwitindolinone D Isonitrile

Described is a concise total synthesis of N-methylwelwitindolinone D isonitrile, the first in a family of complex bicyclo[4.3.1]decane-containing indole alkaloids to yield to synthesis. The complete carbon core of the natural product was assembled rapidly through a Lewis acid-mediated alkylative coupling followed directly by a palladium-catalyzed enolate arylation reaction. The final ring of the pentacycle was introduced by an indole oxidation/cyclization, and the isonitrile was installed through the rearrangement of an aldehyde to an isothiocyanate followed by desulfurization.