Vishram Singh

A paradigm shift from teaching to learning gross anatomy: meta-analysis of implications for instructional methods

Abstract Anatomy teaching in terms of content and methodology has undergone major changes in the recent times due to time constraints, scarcity of cadavers, rapid advances in information technology, and changes in the demands of the medical profession. Moreover, there has been a major paradigm shift in medical education from passive, didactic, and teacher-centered approach to active, clinical-based, and student-centered approach. The debate on how to teach anatomy in the most effective way continues, and there is not yet a workable solution to integrate the two lines of thought (teacher-centered/student-centered) that can resolve the dispute between the two approaches. The present article therefore meta-analyses the role and effectiveness of various instructional modalities in teaching and learning anatomy in the context of the shifting paradigm from teaching to learning. The available literature on the use of various instructional strategies employed for teaching-learning anatomy suggests that the challenge should not be to determine superiority of one methodology over another but to capitalize on the learning benefits offered by the different methods. Learners should be provided opportunity to use multiple resources, thus favoring flexibility in the acquisition of knowledge. Proper amalgamation of traditional teaching methodologies such as lectures and dissection and the newer instructional methods, namely problem-based learning and computer-aided learning, would help to catalyze the shift from pedagogy to andragogy, where educators no longer serve chiefly as the dispensers of the subject content, but act as facilitators of learning and evaluators of competency. The net result should be to produce lifelong learners committed to continuous improvement of skills and knowledge.

Morphological variations of a jugular foramen in North Indian human adult skulls

Aims: To assess the size and bridging patterns of jugular foramina of adult human skulls. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 56 adult North - Indian skulls procured from Department of Anatomy of Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad. The jugular foramina were observed by naked eye and with magnifying lens to assess the variations in size and bridging patterns. Results: The jugular foramen was larger on the right side in 53.5% skulls and on the left side in 7.1% skulls. In the remaining skulls (39.4%) it was equal on both sides. Complete tripartite division was observed in 10.7% cases. Incomplete division was seen in 7.1% cases on right side and 3.5% cases on the left side. Incomplete division was never observed bilaterally. An additional accessory foramen was observed to be communicating with posterior condylar canal. Conclusion: The variations observed in present study are of immense value to ENT surgeons while performing middle ear surgeries for various jugular foramen tumors. Also, the bridging patterns cause compression to structures passing through this foramen hence accentuating the clinical presentations of Glomus jugulare.

Morphological and skeletal abnormalities induced by α/β arteether on developing chick embryo

Introduction: Malaria continues to be one of the Indias leading public health problem.α/β artether is one of the most common antimalarial drug used worldwide to treat chloroquine resistant malaria and malaria falciparum. The present study was designed to assess the teratogenic effects of α/β artether on developing chick embryo. Material and Methods: The study was performed on 300 fertilized eggs of white leg horn chicken.The eggs were divided in to five experimental groups A, B, C, D, E having 30 eggs each and five control groups a,b,c,d,e one each for every experimental group respectively having 30 eggs each. On 5th day of incubation eggs from experimental groups A, B, C, D and E were exposed to α/β artether with dose of 0.00039 mg, 0.000585 mg, 0.00078 mg, 0.00097 mg and 0.00117 mg whereas the control groups were treated with same amount of normal saline. Results: The results showed growth retardation and some significant morphological abnormalities like scanty feathers, subcutaneous hemorrhage and skeletal abnormalities like poor ossification of the bones, kyphosis and lordosis. Discussion: The drug is toxic specially when used in higher dose and for a long period. At present there is no alternative drug available for the treatment of chloroquine resistant malaria and malaria falciparum except α/β artether. Therefore α/β artether and other artemisinins should be used only after establishment of proper diagnosis in recommended dose only not in higher dose and not for a long duration.

Facet joint arthrosis, disc degeneration and lumbago

W the understanding of etiology of disease many potential targets are identified and their role in disease progression and development are highlighted. Disease development with initiation of allied events has inspired material science researchers for designing and development of multitasking molecules for better management of diseases. In recent years, various nanoparticles have gained importance as advanced nanomaterials for their mutifunctionality. Although cerium oxide nanoparticle has emerged as an interesting material in biological sciences including biomedicine, the biogenic synthesis and application of multifunctional cerium oxide nanoparticle has not been well explored. CeO2NPs are generally synthesized by physical and chemical methods. However, most of the techniques are complex, expensive and hazardous. Number of methods has been also reported for synthesis of biocompatible cerium nanoparticle for biological use in pure water or with the protection of polyethylene glycol, dextran, glucose, cyclodextrin, polyacrylic acid etc. Recently, there has been an increasing attention towards eco-friendly synthesis of all types of metal oxide nanoparticles. The presentation will be in two parts. In 1st part, the general aspects of various multifunctional nanoparticles will be highlighted in reference to their health perspective and in 2nd part; our research work i.e., generation of multifunctional CeO2NPs by simple and green methods using aqueous plant extract will be presented. A novel synthesis of multifunctional CeO2NP with enhanced anti-oxidant property will be the major highlights of the presentation. Potential applications of these generated multifunctional CeO2NPs will be presented in reference to their uses in various domains of biomedical field.I heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, with more than seven million deaths in 2008. According the WHO statistics from 2013, the burden of IHD is shifting away from high-income nations to other parts of the world. With the emergence of CMR stress imaging as a valuable tool in the diagnosis of stressinducible cardiac ischemia, it became of utmost importance to master the different techniques of CMR stress imaging. The advantage of this modality is that it is a noninvasive examination that does not expose the patient to any radiation compared with other modalities. CMR imaging offers the ability to study cardiac morphology, function, myocardial perfusion, detection of scar tissue, and additional information such as thrombus formation or no-reflow phenomenon that are usually not detected by other imaging modalities. This presentation focuses on the role of CMR stress examination in regard to evaluation of IHD including the diagnostic performance and prognostic value.O is the commonest life style disorder encountered by the society. In the western countries radiographic evidences of this disease is present in majority of persons by 65 years of age and about 80% persons more than 75 years of age; despite exhaustive work, still no satisfactory answer has been placed forward by the modern medicine, conservative measures are ineffective and produce various ADRs. Whereas, the Unani physicians e.g., Galen, Ibn Sina, Razi, Majoosi, Akbar Arzani, Azam Khan & Kabiruddin has suggested Fasd as an adjuvent regimental therapy for various types of Arthritis. Though venesection is in vogue but its scientific validation has not been carried out so far about its safety, efficacy and mechanism of action. Therefore, to explore new alternatives and for scientific validation of Fasd, this study has been designed and carried out to evaluate the safety and efficacy and to explore the mechanism of action of Fasd in the cases of Osteoarthrosis. Total 40 cases of O.A. was randomly divided into two groups A & B (20 each). Group ‘A’ (Control group) was administered with the standard drugs while Group ‘B’ (Test group) was given the standard drugs as given in group ‘A’ with intervention of venesection. The duration of treatment was fixed 6 weeks. The intervention of Fasd was performed at base line, 14th & 28th day. The pathological, biochemical (LFT, KFT) arthritic profile and radiological examination was performed at base line and last follow up. The intervention Fasd (Venesection) showed statistically significant results in comparison to control group in subsidence of pain, morning stiffness and muscular weakness but comparable in swelling/effusion and restriction of movement. The test intervention was found safe and well tolerated as evaluated on hematological parameters (Hb, TLC, DLC & ESR), LFTs & KFTs. The communiqué also brings into limelight the possible mechanism of action of Fasd in O.A. by exploiting the knowledge of microcirculation, Hemodynamics and physical and chemical dimensions of Bio-hemorheology.Background & Methods: Clinical implications of proinflammatory cytokines and its functional analysis during malarial severity are poorly elucidated and substantially unknown. Thus, in view of its clinical relevance and disease association prompted us to address the paradoxical role of TNF-α; triggers rapid pyrogenic response by regulating inflammatory cytokine mediated pathogenesis, employing ELISA, PCR-RFLP, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, qRT-PCR and immunoblotting.