Vito Albino

Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives

Abstract As the term “smart city” gains wider and wider currency, there is still confusion about what a smart city is, especially since several similar terms are often used interchangeably. This paper aims to clarify the meaning of the word “smart” in the context of cities through an approach based on an in-depth literature review of relevant studies as well as official documents of international institutions. It also identifies the main dimensions and elements characterizing a smart city. The different metrics of urban smartness are reviewed to show the need for a shared definition of what constitutes a smart city, what are its features, and how it performs in comparison to traditional cities. Furthermore, performance measures and initiatives in a few smart cities are identified.

KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER AND INTER-FIRM RELATIONSHIPS IN INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS : THE ROLE OF THE LEADER FIRM

Abstract In the literature, knowledge transfer is widely emphasized as a strategic issue for firm competition. In this paper, the knowledge transfer is investigated referring to customer–supplier relationships in industrial districts. The knowledge transfer process is described and a framework is provided to define the main components of the process. A model is proposed to analyse how a leader firm of an industrial district can modify the knowledge nature and adopt different types of supply relationship to increase the effectiveness of knowledge transfer. The model stresses that, when the knowledge transfer has to be fast and reliable between customer and supplier, knowledge has to be codified. However, as the codification level increases, knowledge can be easily shared with other district competitors. Then, the leader firm can also try to control the knowledge transfer by the reduction of the number of suppliers. Referring to the case of an industrial district, some considerations are made to show the practical implications of the knowledge control by the district leader firm.

Organization and technology in knowledge transfer

Knowledge transfer is recognized as a fundamental issue for organizations. This research aims at investigating the knowledge transfer process, and finding out the most efficient and effective strategies to support it. Particularly, the research is focused on studying support strategies based on the use of technology. The paper proposes a model that describes both knowledge acquisition and practice. The model components are the actors’ cognitive systems, the processes of codification and interpretation, and the object transferred. The model predicts that a better understanding of knowledge transfer can be achieved by distinguishing organizational similarity from dissimilarity, training from fertilization, and autonomous from interactive practice. This is particularly helpful to discuss what the role and value of technology are in supporting knowledge transfer in organizations effectively.

Supply chain cooperation in industrial districts: A simulation analysis

In the past few years the literature on supply chain management has widely emphasized that cooperation among supply chain (SC) firms is a key source of competitive advantage. This paper explores the topic in a particular context, i.e. the industrial district (ID), which constitutes a specific production model where complex SC networks can be identified. SC cooperation may take on several forms in IDs and may produce several benefits (e.g. upgrading quality and reducing costs) so this paper also analyzes the benefits of a specific form of SC cooperation in different competitive scenarios and for diverse ID organizational structures. An agent-based model of SC cooperation in IDs has been developed and a simulation analysis carried out.

Input-output models for the analysis of a local/global supply chain

Abstract A supply chain can be analysed as a network of production processes which can be localised within and outside a given geographic area. Each process can be defined as a system that produces output flows in consequence of input flows. In this paper, an input–output approach based on production processes is used to develop specific models that investigate flows among production processes either of a whole (global) supply chain or of a part of the supply chain localised within a given area (local). By-product and waste outputs are also considered. The developed models can help improve design and management of supply chains also in terms of sustainable development of a local area. In fact, this use of the input–output analysis entails a deeper understanding of the relationships among the processes and the environment.

Search and Recombination Process to Innovate: A Review of the Empirical Evidence and a Research Agenda

The view of innovation as a process of searching and recombining existing knowledge elements has been adopted in several industries. The innovation management literature has recognized the fundamental role that search and recombination play in innovation development. However, the relevant research has provided complex, fragmented and mixed results. The authors aim to identify areas of convergence and provide directions for future research by collecting empirical evidence regarding how firms conduct the search and recombination process. They conducted a systematic literature review of 87 empirical articles in the innovation management field. The review reveals differences among the solutions adopted both within and across organizational boundaries. Specifically, it shows that the variety and diversity of knowledge elements are critical in creating breakthrough innovations. Therefore, this paper discusses how to provide access to a variety of knowledge elements. It also highlights other fundamental questions calling for further investigation, such as how scientific knowledge elements are successfully recombined and how recombination and search dynamics occur in small and medium‐sized firms. The review concludes by summarizing the current state of affairs and suggests promising directions for future investigation.

Analysing Materials and Energy Flows in an Industrial District using an Enterprise Input-Output Model

Recent approaches to sustainable development leave much room for policies at a local level. In fact, it is becoming evident that targets such as increasing resource productivity, preserving natural cycles, or extending the present level of welfare, are best pursued within the confines of a local area. In particular, environmental changes are best brought about by considering local systems of firms as cornerstones of cooperative strategies and using data on materials and energy use in physical terms. In this paper, an enterprise input–output model is developed for an industrial district, i.e. a local group of firms specialized in the production of a single final output. The model allows for a detailed quantitative analysis of materials and energy flows and the consequent generation of waste and pollution. As a planning tool, the model may be used to evaluate alternative scenarios, such as the possibility of re- using waste taking account of sustainability requirements. An empirical case study applies the model to an industrial district in Southern Italy producing leather sofas.

Analysis of information flows to enhance the coordination of production processes

Abstract This paper proposes a methodology to describe the information flows involved in the coordination of production processes. To this end, a process is represented as a set of interdependent tasks accomplished by resources. To manage task interdependencies, resources make decisions and exchange messages according to their decision-making responsibilities. By the assessment of a process coordination load , namely the effort required for resources to address coordination problems, the methodology can help managers enhance the adopted coordination form or improve the performed process as well as support the selection of the coordination technologies that better satisfy the information requirements.

A metric for measuring Knowledge Codification in Organisation Learning

Abstract In the management literature, even if knowledge has been recognised as a critical resource for the competitive success of firms, only a few studies have proposed operative approaches to analyse the effect of the transformation of the type of knowledge on system performance. In this paper, a definition of knowledge is provided to support an operative classification of the type of knowledge. A metric is proposed to measure different knowledge codification levels. This metric is useful for supporting the learning processes in the organisation. A case example dealing with the knowledge codification of a specific phase of a real production system, i.e. leather cutting in sofa production, is discussed.

Organizational Factors and Technological Features in the Development of Green Innovations: Evidence from Patent Analysis

Abstract In the present paper we investigate whether and to what extent green innovations significantly differ from non-green ones, in terms of (z) inter- and intra-organizational relationships leading to their development and (ii) technological characteristics, as complexity and novelty. Then, we study the impact of these organizational factors and technological features on the value of green innovations. In particular, we focus on a specific type of green innovations, as green technological innovations, and consider green patents as proxy for them. Analyzing green and non-green patents developed by a sample of companies included in the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index, we find that green innovations have important peculiarities compared to conventional ones. Specifically, developing green innovations requires establishing collaborations with external actors as well as among internal actors to a greater extent, while the technologies underling green innovations seem to be characterized by a higher degree of complexity and novelty. With regard to the value of green innovations, results show that the most valuable ones are those that more highly rely on collaborations among internal actors, whereas higher levels of novelty seem to be detrimental, at least in the short-medium term.