Vivek Katiyar

Improvement in LEACH protocol for large-scale wireless sensor networks

As the use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has grown enormously in the past few decades, the need of scalable & energy efficient routing and data aggregation protocol for large-scale deployments has also risen. LEACH is a hierarchical clustering protocol that provides an elegant solution for such protocols. One deficiency that affects the performance of the protocol is existence of very large and very small clusters in the network at the same time. This leads to the decrease in lifetime of WSNs. In this paper, we propose and analyze a new energy efficient clustering protocol (FZ-LEACH) that eliminates the above problem by forming Far-Zone. Far-Zone is a group of sensor nodes which are placed at locations where their energies are less than a threshold. The simulation results and analysis show that proposed FZ-LEACH algorithm outperforms LEACH in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime.

A Distributed Weighted Cluster Based Routing Protocol for MANETs

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are a form of wireless networks which do not require a base station for providing network connectivity. Many MANETs’ characteristics that distinguish MANETs from other wireless networks also make routing a challenging task. Cluster based routing is a MANET routing schemes in which various clusters of mobile nodes are formed with each cluster having its own clusterhead which is responsible for routing among clusters. In this paper we propose and implement a distributed weighted clustering algorithm for MANETs. This approach is based on combined weight metric that takes into account several system parameters like the node degree, transmission range, energy and mobility of the nodes. We have evaluated the performance of the proposed scheme through simulation in various network situations. Simulation results show that improved distributed weighted clustering algorithm (DWCAIMP) outperforms the original distributed weighted clustering algorithm (DWCA).

Time synchronization protocol for wireless sensor networks using clustering

In recent years, the use of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been tremendous increased in various fields such as military, environmental, medical, home monitoring and disaster management. In such applications large numbers of nodes are deployed, these nodes work independently and often remain unattended. These nodes sense the data from the environment and communicate the same to the sink or base station. To identifying the correct event time, these nodes need to be synchronized with global clock. Therefore, time synchronization is significant feature in WSNs. Since the performance of time synchronization algorithm is greatly influenced by many factors. The energy conservation is one of the important issues in WSNs which helps to prolong the lifetime of the network. This paper presents a Clustered Time Synchronization algorithm and energy model which conserves the energy beside accuracy while synchronizing the WSNs. The simulation result shows that this algorithm has better synchronization accuracy and low power consumption as compare to RBS and TPSN.

Improving lifetime of large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks through heterogeneity

In last few years, there has been a growing interest in the area of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Now a days WSNs are being deployed in large sensing areas for real life applications [1]. As sensor networks has limited and non-rechargeable energy resources, prolonging the lifetime of WSNs is a great issue. Some sensor nodes of comparatively high energy can be used (i.e. making the WSNs heterogeneous in terms of energy) to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. In this paper we propose an energy efficient protocol to prolong the lifetime of WSN by energy consumption through heterogeneity. The proposed approach selects cluster heads based on residual energy of sensor nodes. Simulation results demonstrate that heterogeneity in terms of energy of sensor nodes can improve lifetime of WSNs. Proposed protocol is also compared with LEACH, a previously existing clustering protocol for homogeneous WSNs.

Grey System Theory-Based Energy Map Construction for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy is one of the most important resources in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Due to unattended nature of WSNs, it should be used smartly and efficiently to maximize lifetime. A map representing the residual energy of sensor nodes in the sensor field can be constructed, which is called as energy map. Depletion of energy in sensor nodes can be modeled as time-series. The grey models are considered to be the best tool for time–series prediction. In this paper, we propose a grey system theory-based prediction approach to construct the energy map for WSN. Simulation results show that our proposed approach outperforms various prediction based approaches for energy map construction.

Efficient multilevel clustering for large-scale heterogeneous wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) do not always have sensor nodes of same type. In other words, WSNs are not always homogeneous, but some sensor nodes of higher energy can be used to prolong the lifetime and reliability of WSNs. Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs) have some sensor nodes of relatively higher energy. HWSNs are very useful in real life deployments and have a large area of coverage. Clustering is considered to be an important technique to prolong the lifetime of WSN. Clustering also reduces the energy consumption by topology management and routing. In large-scale and real life deployments of wireless sensor networks, multilevel clustering is paramount for better connectivity and coverage. In this paper we propose an energy efficient multilevel clustering protocol for HWSNs. We simulate and compare our proposed protocol with existing multilevel clustering protocol EEMC for homogeneous WSN. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed protocol outperforms EEMC.

Energy-Efficient Multilevel Clustering in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Researchers generally believe that nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are homogeneous, but some sensor nodes of higher energy can be used to prolong the lifetime and reliability of WSNs. This gives birth to the concept of Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (HWSNs). Clustering is an important technique to prolong the lifetime of WSN and to reduce energy consumption as well, by topology management and routing. HWSNs are very popular in real deployments [1], and have a large area of coverage. In such scenarios, for better connectivity, the need of multilevel clustering protocols arises. In this paper we propose an energy efficient protocol called heterogeneous multilevel clustering and aggregation (HMCA) for HWSNs. We simulate and compare HMCA with existing multilevel clustering protocol EEMC [2] for homogeneous WSN. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed protocol performs better.

Lifetime Maximization in Wireless Sensor Networks

One of the fundamental requirements in wireless sensor networks WSNs is to prolong the lifetime of sensor nodes by minimizing the energy consumption. The information about the energy status of sensor nodes can be used to notify the base station about energy depletion in any part of the network. An energy map of WSN can be constructed with available remaining energy at sensor nodes. The energy map can increase the lifetime of sensor networks by adaptive clustering, energy centric routing, data aggregation, and so forth. In this paper, the authors describe use of energy map techniques for WSNs and summarize the applications in routing, aggregation, clustering, data dissemination, and so forth. The authors also present an energy map construction algorithm that is based on prediction.

An Energy-Efficient Multilevel Clustering Algorithm for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks WSNs are generally believed to be homogeneous, but some sensor nodes of higher energy can be used to prolong the lifetime and reliability of WSNs. This gives birth to the concept of Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks HWSNs. Clustering is an important technique to prolong the lifetime of WSNs and to reduce energy consumption as well, by topology management and routing. HWSNs are popular in real deployments Corchado et al., 2010, and have a large area of coverage. In such scenarios, for better connectivity, the need for multilevel clustering protocols arises. In this paper, the authors propose an energy-efficient protocol called heterogeneous multilevel clustering and aggregation HMCA for HWSNs. HMCA is simulated and compared with existing multilevel clustering protocol EEMC Jin et al., 2008 for homogeneous WSN. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol performs better.