Vivian Haley-Zitlin

Damaging effects of a high-fat diet to the brain and cognition: a review of proposed mechanisms.

Abstract The prevalence of obesity is growing and now includes at least one-third of the adult population in the United States. As obesity and dementia rates reach epidemic proportions, an even greater interest in the effects of nutrition on the brain have become evident. This review discusses various mechanisms by which a high fat diet and/or obesity can alter the brain and cognition. It is well known that a poor diet and obesity can lead to certain disorders such as type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and heart disease. However, long-term effects of obesity on the brain need to be further examined. The contribution of insulin resistance and oxidative stress is briefly reviewed from studies in the current literature. The role of inflammation and vascular alterations are described in more detail due to our laboratorys experience in evaluating these specific factors. It is very likely that each of these factors plays a role in diet-induced and/or obesity-induced cognitive decline.

Diet-induced effects on neuronal and glial elements in the middle-aged rat hippocampus.

Abstract Consumption of a high-fat and/or high-cholesterol diet can have detrimental effects on the brain. In the present study, dietary treatment with saturated fats, trans fats, or cholesterol to middle-aged Fischer 344 rats resulted in alterations to serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, organ weights, and hippocampal morphology. Previously, we demonstrated that a 10% hydrogenated coconut oil and 2% cholesterol diet resulted in worse performance on the 12-day water radial arm maze, increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and decreased dendritic microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) staining in the hippocampus. The diets administered herein were used to examine components from the previous diet and further examine their effects on hippocampal morphology. Specifically, neuronal morphology, dendritic integrity, fatty acid metabolism, microgliosis, and blood vessel structure in the hippocampus and/or adjacent structures were explored. Our results indicate alterations to peripheral and neural systems following each of the diets.

Nutritional Beliefs, Attitudes and Practices of Elderly, Rural, Southern Women

Abstract Six focus groups were held with 49 rural southern women, 92% of whom were over 65 years of age. Discussions covered influences on food choices, supplement use and meal frequency; problems with buying, preparing and storing food; participation in food assistance programs; nutrition information sources; and preferred methods of nutrition education. Data analysis revealed six major themes: food preferences based upon taste and childhood familiarity; beliefs about benefits and detriments of eating certain foods; influence of health conditions on food choices; perceived barriers to purchasing, preparing and consuming certain foods; cues to action regarding food selection, supplement use and meal patterns; and nutrition information needs.

Socioeconomic and Demographic Determinants of the Nutritional Content of National School Lunch Program Entrée Selections

&NA; New National School Lunch Program (NSLP) guidelines aim to reduce sodium and saturated fats, limit calories, and eliminate trans‐fat and whole milk. This paper provides a novel approach to understanding how the healthfulness of NSLP participants’ entrée selections varies across socioeconomic and demographic groups. Unlike previous studies that rely on dietary recalls, we use a mixed logit model to examine students’ entrée choices in a school cafeteria. We estimate the likelihood that an entrée is selected from the available lunch choices as a function of the entrées nutrients (fat, carbohydrate, protein, and sodium) and entrées taste profile characteristics (e.g., Mexican, Pizza‐like), as well as the students socio‐economic and demographic characteristics. Using these estimates, we examine how changing the nutritional content of an offering impacts the probability of selecting each of the offerings. Free lunch recipients are more likely to choose entrées higher in fat but lower in sodium than other students. Full‐price lunch recipients are the most responsive to changes in nutritional content of the offerings and are most likely to respond to changes in the nutritional content of the offered entrées by substituting a lunch brought from home for the school‐purchased lunch. Replacing less healthy menu items with popular but healthier items reduces the selection of total calories, calories from fat, and sodium by approximately 4%, 18%, and 8%, respectively, over the study period. The new guidelines should be effective at improving the nutrition of school‐age children, and potentially reducing childhood obesity, provided NSLP participation does not decline appreciably.