Vladimir Fortov

Complex and dusty plasmas : from laboratory to space

1. Types of experimental complex plasmas, Vladimir E. Fortov, Alexey G. Khrapak, Vladimir I. Molotkov, Gregor E. Morfill,Oleg F. Petrov, Hubertus M. Thomas, Olga S. Vaulina, Sergey V. Vladimirov 1.1 Complex plasmas in rf discharges 1.1.1 The GEC-RF-Reference Cell 1.1.2 Symmetrically driven rf discharge for microgravity experiments 1.1.3 Complex plasmas in inductively coupled discharges 1.2 Complex plasmas in dc discharges 1.2.1 Ground-based experiments 1.2.2 Microgravity experiments 1.3 Thermal complex plasmas 1.3.1 Source of thermal plasma with macroparticles 1.3.2 Plasma diagnostics 1.3.3 Particle diagnostics 1.3.4 Spatially ordered structures in thermal plasmas 1.4 Other types of complex plasmas 1.4.1 Complex plasmas at cryogenic temperatures 1.4.2 Experiments with a complex plasma induced by UV-radiation 1.4.3 Nuclear-induced and track complex plasmas 1.4.4 Particle structures in a dc discharge in the presence of magnetic fields 1.4.5 .Small dust structures: Coulomb or Yukawa clusters and balls 1.4.6 Complex plasmas with non-spherical particles 1.5 Formation and growth of dust particles 2. Basic plasma.particle interactions, Sergey A. Khrapak and Alexey V. Ivlev 2.1 Charging of particles in complex plasmas 2.1.1 Charging in collisionless plasmas 2.1.2 Effect of plasma collisionality on the particle charging 2.1.3 Experimental determination of the particle charge 2.1.4 Emission processes 2.1.5 Quasineutrality of complex plasmas 2.1.6 Fluctuations of the particle charge 2.2 Electric potential distribution around a particle 2.2.1 Isotropic plasmas 2.2.2 Anisotropic plasmas 2.3 Interparticle interactions 2.3.1 Isotropic plasmas 2.3.2 Anisotropic plasmas 2.3.3 Experiments 2.4 Momentum exchange 2.4.1 Momentum transfer cross section 2.4.2 Momentum exchange rates 2.4.3 Momentum exchange diagram 2.5 Forces on particles 2.5.1 Ion drag force 2.5.2 Other forces 2.6 Particle surface temperature 3. Particle dynamics, Alexey V. Ivlev 3.1 Vertical oscillations in an rf sheath 3.2 Non-Hamiltonian dynamics 3.2.1 Role of variable charges 3.2.2 Role of plasma wakes 3.3 Kinetics of ensembles with variable charges 4. Waves and instabilities, Alexey V. Ivlev and Sergey A. Khrapak 4.1 Wave excitation technique 4.2 Waves in ideal (gaseous) complex plasmas 4.2.1 Major wave modes 4.2.2 Damping and instabilities 4.3 Waves in strongly coupled (liquid) complex plasmas 4.3.1 Longitudinal waves 4.3.2 Transverse waves 4.4 Waves in plasma crystals 4.4.1 One-dimensional strings 4.4.2 Two-dimensional triangular lattice 4.4.3 Three-dimensional plasma crystals 4.4.4 Instabilities in plasma crystals 4.5 Nonlinear waves 4.5.1 Ion solitons and shocks 4.5.2 Dust solitons and shocks 4.5.3 Mach cones iii 5. Kinetic studies of fluids and solids with complex plasmas, Alexey V. Ivlev, Gregor E. Morfll, and Sergey A. Khrapak 5.1 Phase diagram of complex pilasma 5.2 Strongly coupled fluids 5.2.1 Atomistic dynamics in fluids 5.2.2 Kinetics of stable shear flows 5.2.3 Kinetics of heat transport 5.2.4 Hydrodynamics at the discreteness limit 5.2.5 Confined fluids 5.2.6 Electrorheological fluids 5.3 Solids 5.3.1 Atomistic dynamics in crystals 5.3.2 Scalings in 2D crystallization 5.3.3 Dynamics of dislocations 5.3.4 3D crystallization 6. Dusty plasmas in the solar system, Mihaly Horanyi, Ove Havnes, Gregor E. Morfll 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Noctilucent clouds 6.3 Planetary rings 6.3.1 Simplfied dynamics 6.3.2 Saturns E-ring 6.3.3 Spokes 6.4 Lunar surface 6.4.1 Imaging 6.4.2 Plasma and electric field measurements 6.4.3 Dust measurements 6.4.4 The lunar dust environment 6.5 Summary 7. Numerical simulation of complex plasmas, Olga S. Vaulina and Boris A. Klumov 7.1 Molecular dynamics simulations of complex plasmas: Basic concepts 7.1.1 Methods of simulation of the dynamics of dust particles 7.1.2 Equations of motion of dust particles 7.2 Numerical simulation of spatial correlations between dust particles 7.2.1 Pair and three-particle correlation functions 7.2.2 Pair correlation functions and phase states of the particle subsystems 7.3 Transport properties of complex plasma: Numerical study 7.3.1 Transport of particles in non-ideal media 7.3.2 Diffusivity 7.3.3 Viscosity 7.4 Complex plasmas in narrow channels 7.4.1 2D complex plasmas in narrow channels 7.4.2 3D complex plasmas in narrow channels 7.5 Crystallization waves in complex plasmas 7.5.1 Local order analysis of 3D data 7.6 On the role of dust in cometary plasma 7.7 Electronegative complex plasmas 8. Diagnostics of complex plasma, Oleg F. Petrov and Olga S. Vaulina 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Light scattering and absorption measurements 8.2.1 Mie theory 8.2.2 Determination of the size, concentration, and refractive index of particles 8.3 Spectral methods of determination of particle parameters 8.3.1 Particle temperature 8.3.2 The spectrometric method of the particle size and refractive index determination 8.3.3 Simultaneous determination of the particle size, refractive index, and temperature 8.3.4 The effect of particles on the determination of the concentration of alkali metal atoms and the gas temperature 9. Applications, Vladimir E. Fortov, Alexey G. Khrapak, Sergey V. Vladimirov 9.1 Technological and industrial aspects 9.2 Dust in fusion reactors 9.3 Nuclear photovoltaic electric battery

Low Temperature Atmospheric Argon Plasma: Diagnostics and Medical Applications

This study was devoted to diagnostic of low temperature plasma produced by microwave generator and investigation of its bactericidal effect against bacteria in biofilms and within eukaryotic cells. The profile of gas temperature near the torch outlet was measured. The spectrum in a wide range of wavelengths was derived by the method of optical emission spec-troscopy. Probe measurements of the floating potential of plasma were car-ried out. The estimation and adaptation of parameters of plasma flow (tem-perature, velocity, ion number density) according to medico-technical requirements were produced. The model of immersed surface-associated biofilms formed by Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia, and Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, was used to assess bactericidal effects of plasma treatment. Reduction in the concentration of live bacteria in biofilms treated with plasma for 5 min was demonstrated by measuring Live/Dead fluorescent labeling and using direct plating. The intracellular infection model with the pathogenic bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, was used to study the efficacy of microwave argon plasma against intracellular parasites. A 2 min plasma treatment of mouse cells infected with C. trachomatis reduced infectious bacteria by a factor of 2×106. Plasma treatment diminished the number of viable host cells by about 20%. When the samples were covered with MgF2 glass to obstruct active particles and UV alone was applied, the bactericidal effect was re-duced by 5×104 fold compared to the whole plasma.

Mass-Transfer in the Dusty Plasma as a Strongly Coupled Dissipative System: Simulations and Experiments

The problems associated with the mass-transfer processes in dissipative systems of interacting particles are of great interest in various fields of science (plasma physics, medical industry, physics and chemistry of polymers, etc.) (Frenkel, 1946; Cummins & Pike, 1974; Balescu, 1975; March & Tosi, 1995; Ovchinnikov et al., 1989; Dodd et al., 1982; Thomas & Morfill, 1996; Fortov et al., 1996; Fortov et al., 1999). Nevertheless, the hydrodynamic approaches can successfully describe these processes only in the case of the short-range interactions between particles. The main problem involved in studies of non-ideal systems is associated with the absence of an analytical theory of liquid. To predict the transport properties of non-ideal systems, the various empirical approaches and the computer simulations of dynamics of the particles with the different models for potentials of their interaction are used (Frenkel, 1946; Cummins & Pike, 1974; Balescu, 1975; March & Tosi, 1995; Ovchinnikov et al., 1989). The simulations of transport processes are commonly performed by methods of molecular dynamics, which are based on solving of reversible motion equations of particles, or Langevin equations taking into account the irreversibility of the processes under study. The diffusion is the basic mass-transfer process, which defines the losses of energy (dissipation) in the system of particles and its dynamic features (such as the phase state, the conditions of propagation of waves and the formation of instabilities). When the deviations of the system from the statistical equilibrium are small, the kinetic coefficients of linear dissipative processes (constants of diffusion, viscosity, thermal conductivity etc.) can be found from Green-Kubo formulas that were established with the help of the theory of Markovian stochastic processes under an assumption of the linear reaction of the statistical system on its small perturbations. These formulas are the important results of the statistical theory of irreversible processes. According to these formulas, the diffusion coefficient D can be found from the following relationship:

Structural and Dynamical Properties of Microrod Dusty Plasma in a Uniform DC Discharge under Microgravity.

In present experiment an ordering and dynamics of monodisperse nylon rods (D = 10 μm, L = 300 μm) in a uniform DC gas discharge plasma under microgravity have been investigated. Ordered rod structures were registered in DC discharge with a rod concentration of 400–8000 cm−3 and a neon pressure range of 20–50 Pa. The structures revealed orientationally ordered hexagonal structures. DC discharge became unstable at rod number density more then 8000 cm−3. Rod drift velocities in a permanent electric field were measured for the neon pressure range. Dust acoustic instability (ν∼0.4±0.1 Hz, λ∼1.1±0.4 cm, CDAW∼0.5 cm/s) in rod cloud was observed at a neon pressure of 25 Pa and a rod number density of 1500 cm−3. Using the “low” frequency approximation of the linearized DAW dispersion relation and the measured rod drift velocity a rod electric charge had been estimated as ZR∼150000e.