W. Brooke Graves

GENE WYCKOFF. The Image Candidates: American Politics in the Age of Television. Pp. ix, 274. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968.

number of momentous changes in campaign practices that have occurred since World War I, such as the introduction and widespread acceptance of radio and television, the use of the Madison Avenue approach to create a favorable image of the candidate, and since 1948, the gradual phasing out of the campaign train. As the title of the volume under review clearly indicates, it deals with two of these major changes-the extensive use of television and a heavy emphasis on the creation of a favorable image. The book is not nor does it purport to be a scholarly and scientific analysis of the role of television in a political campaign. It is, however, a fast-moving and well-written journalistic account of the use made of television in the Richard M. Nixon cam-

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officials should give added impetus and direction. The states have not been afraid to experiment with the structure and operations of their legislative houses, but the accelerated tempo of contemporary life requires that their legislatures more rapidly than ever reorganize themselves to meet a seemingly ever-increasing volume of problems and responsibilities. Problems of legislative organization and procedure are on the agenda of a majority of the 44 state legislatures meeting in regular session during 1947. The report of the committee of the Council of State Governments should be of constructive assistance in the framing and consideration of measures intended to strengthen all legislatures.

Legislative Reference Service for the Congress of the United States

character of the ends and relating available means to their fulfillment. Thus a theory of public administration suitable to a democratic political process is entirely different from a theory of efficient business management in pursuit of profits, or a theory of totalitarian administration in pursuit of world conquest. It is regrettable that Professor Wallace did not make more of a contribution to such a significant subject. HARVEY PINNEY

SCHMECKEBIER, LAURENCE F. Congressional Apportionment. Pp. x, 233. Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1941.

centralization, the ground is cleared for a consideration of the middle ground. From this standpoint the study suggests a rather unique approach to a political problem. By selecting the phases of a problem which all agree are obnoxious, and concentrating upon the obnoxiousness of these phases, much may be accomplished in preparing the ground for recognizing the obvious balance when it is suggested. Needless to say, the faults of too much centralization are

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After two years of effort, the Committee on State Government of the National Municipal League has completed its work on the new fourth edition of the Model State Constitution. This constitution was originally published in 1921, and revisions were made in 1928 and 1933. The form of the constitution has been improved, and the text itself subjected to a thoroughgoing revision, resulting in many important changes. Whereas the third edition had ninety-eight sections, the new one has 116 sections grouped under thirteen articles, dealing respectively with the bill of rights, suffrage and elections, the legislature, initiative and referendum, the executive, the judiciary, finance, local government, the civil service, public welfare, intergovernmental relations, constitutional revision, and the schedule. The explanatory comments have been thoroughly revised and rewritten.

BENSON, GEORGE C. S. The New Centralization. Pp. xii, 181. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., 1941. College Ed.

THIS volume undertakes for the first time to present a fairly comprehensive survey of the problems of intergovernmental and interjurisdictional relationships in the United States. In earlier times, when life itself was relatively simple and government was geared to the needs of a predominantly rural mode of life, relatively few problems of this character arose. Quite the opposite is the case today. On every hand, changes in political boundaries and new types of governmental machinery are being proposed or adopted, in an effort to accomplish the adjustments required if government is to serve adequately the people of our time. It is the present purpose to view this general situation in broad perspective, depending upon the preceding articles for the elaboration of the various devices mentioned.

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While hordes of politicians continue to think that administrative organizations exist primarily to furnish them with jobs and services designed to keep a particular set of politicians in power, students of government have been wrestling with a problem basically more diflicult and more inclusive than that of the elimination of patronage. That problem is: how to create an administrative mechanism which will so combine

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of a &dquo;Fascist party with the state, and of the state with the nation.&dquo; Duguit’s idea of social solidarity and the primacy of the group leads to the same result once this solidarity is conceived as national and the group in control of the state is identical with the nation. Kelsen’s meta-juristic world order of legal norms to which all states and individuals are subject has not imposed any serious obstacles in the path of dictators and imperialists in extending their territories by force of arms. Perhaps the final verdict on such international law-breakers will be pronounced only in the court of world history. For the present, it would appear that the most effective sanction to insure their good conduct is the one that Bodin himself recognized-the use of, or the threat to use, the sovereign right of revolution. At any rate, the study of sovereignty will go on &dquo;so long as the problems of social control divide men into rulers and ruled, into leaders and led.&dquo;

Fourth Edition of the Model State Constitution.

These papers on propaganda and dictatorship may be divided into two groups: first, a series of four dealing with the methods employed in particular areas (Germany, by Fritz Morstein Marx; Italy, by Alfred S. Surcher; Russia, by Bertram W. Maxwell ; and the Danubian countries, by Oscar Jaszi); second, a series of three of more than general application, including an introduction by the editor, a discussion of the

Readjusting Governmental Areas and Functions

Quite recently the activities of the Federal departments and agencies have been extended into the field of state legislation, many attempts having been made by them during the past two years to suggest the nature of legislation which they desired, and to exert such pressure as they could to secure its adoption.2 Attempts to influence the administrative policies of the states have rarely, if ever, raised any important constitutional problems; in the majority of cases, the same may be said concerning legislation approved or sponsored by Federal departments and agencies.