W. Good

Minimum heat of formation of potassium iodo hydride

It was previously reported (R. Mills et al., Synthesis and characterization of potassium iodo hydride, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 25(12) (2000) 1185) that a novel inorganic hydride compound KHI which comprised a high binding energy hydride ion was synthesized by reaction of atomic hydrogen with potassium metal and potassium iodide. Potassium iodo hydride was identified by time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 1H and 39K nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electrospray ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy, liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy, thermal decomposition with analysis by gas chromatography, and mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. We report measurements of heats of formation of KHI by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on a very reliable commercial instrument, a Setaram HT 1000 calorimeter. With reactant KI present, potassium metal catalyst and atomic hydrogen were produced by decomposition of KH at an extremely slow rate under a helium atmosphere to increase the amount of atomic hydrogen by slowing the rate of molecular hydrogen formation. Since not all of the starting materials reacted, the observed minimum heats of formation were over compared to the enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen of .

Dihydrino molecule identification

AbstractThree sets of heat production and “ash” identification data are presented. An exothermic reaction is reported wherein the electrons of hydrogen and deuterium atoms are stimulated to relax to quantized potential energy levels below that of the “ground state” via electrochemical reactants K+ and K+; Pd2+ and Li+; or Pd and O2 of redox energy resonant with the energy hole that stimulates this transition. Calorimetry of pulsed current and continuous electrolysis of aqueous potassium carbonate (K+/K+ electrocatalytic couple) at a nickel cathode were performed. The excess output power of 41 W exceeded by a factor >8 the total input power given by the product of the electrolysis voltage and current. The product of the exothermic reaction is atoms having electrons of energy below the ground state, which are predicted to form molecules. The predicted molecules were identified by their lack of reactivity with oxygen, by separation from molecular deuterium by cryofiltration, and by mass spectroscopic analysis.

Fractional quantum energy levels of hydrogen

Report is made of the detection of atomic hydrogen in fractional quantum energy levels below the traditional ground state - hydrinos - by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and by a reinterpretation of soft X-ray emissions from the interstellar medium. Hydrino formation occurs with the release of energy on nickel cathodes during the electrolysis of aqueous potassium carbonate. The detection of a new molecular species-the diatomic hydrino molecule-by high-resolution mass spectroscopy is also reported.

Measurement of energy balances of noble gas-hydrogen discharge plasmas using Calvet calorimetry

Abstract From a solution of a Schrodinger-type wave equation with a nonradiative boundary condition based on Maxwells equations, Mills predicts that atomic hydrogen may undergo a catalytic reaction with certain gaseous ions such as Ar+ which ionize at integer multiples of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, 27.2 eV . The reaction involves a nonradiative energy transfer to form a hydrogen atom that is lower in energy than unreacted atomic hydrogen with the release of energy. Upon the addition of 5% argon catalyst to a hydrogen plasma, the Lyman α emission was observed to increase by about an order of magnitude which indicated an increase in the plasma temperature; whereas, xenon control had no effect. Thus, the energy balances of argon–hydrogen glow discharge plasmas were measured using Calvet calorimetry. The steady state Calvet voltage significantly increased upon the addition of 3% hydrogen to an argon plasma, and the output signal was integrated until the signal returned to baseline. An energy balance of over −151,000 kJ / mol H2 was measured compared to the enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen of −241.8 kJ / mol H2. Whereas, under identical conditions no change in the Calvet voltage was observed when hydrogen was added to a plasma of xenon which does not provide a reaction with a net enthalpy of a multiple of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen under these conditions.

Stationary inverted Lyman populations and free-free and bound-free emission of lower-energy state hydride ion formed by an exothermic catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen and certain group I catalysts

Rb+ to Rb2+ and 2K+ to K + K2+ each provide a reaction with a net enthalpy equal to the potential energy of atomic hydrogen. The presence of these gaseous ions with thermally dissociated hydrogen formed a plasma having strong VUV emission with a stationary inverted Lyman population. Significant Balmer α line broadening of 18 and 9 eV was observed from a rt-plasma of hydrogen with KNO3, and RbNO3, respectively, compared to 3 eV from a hydrogen microwave plasma. The reaction was exothermic since excess power of about 20 mW/cc was measured by Calvet calorimetry. We propose an energetic catalytic reaction involving a resonance energy transfer between hydrogen atoms and Rb+ or 2K+ to form a very stable novel hydride ion. Its predicted binding energy of 3.0471 eV with the fine structure was observed at 4071 Å, and its predicted bound-free hyperfine structure lines matched those observed for about 40 lines to within.01 percent. Characteristic emission from each catalyst was observed. This catalytic reaction may pump a CW HI laser.