Wahyu Wilopo

An Adaptive and Sustained Landslide Monitoring and Early Warning System

Areas prone to mass movement are widespread in Indonesia. The potential for landslide disasters in several regions is controlled by the geotechnical and geological conditions and triggered by high intensity rainfall and/or earthquake activity. The vulnerability to landslides is made worse by intensive land-use development. The urgent issues to be addressed are the dense populations residing in areas prone to mass movement and the failure to relocate the local people to safer areas for socio-economic reasons. Therefore, landslide monitoring, prediction, and early warning systems are urgently required to guarantee the safety of communities living in such areas. A long running and sustainable community-based landslide monitoring and early warning system (EWS) has been developed in Indonesia, with establishment of collaboration among the local government, universities, private sectors, NGOs, and the disaster management community. The main purpose of the program is to establish a strategic approach for disaster risk reduction through the implementation of information flow (for warning levels) and order/command systems (for evacuation). These activities have already met the community needs, helped save lives, and continued to obtain solid community support. In order to extend the effort, further challenges are to expand the project coverage, and propose more effective landslide monitoring, early warning, analysis, and visualization. In addition, the capabilities in socio-economic risk assessment need to be expedited to help identify those most at risk within the community. This paper describes the achievements and the current activities of the IPL Project (IPL-158) “Development of Community-based Landslide Early Warning System”.

Hybrid Socio-Technical Approach for Landslide Risk Reduction in Indonesia

This paper highlights the importance of integrating social and technical approaches (which is so called a “hybrid socio-technical approach”) as one innovative and strategic program with respect to landslide disaster risk reduction. Such program mainly based on multi-disciplinary action-research to support the community empowerment program through public education. The technical approach was mainly conducted for geological and geotechnical investigation to analyse and predict susceptibility levels of the disaster prone area, as well as to develop an appropriate technology for hazard mapping and disaster early warning. Meanwhile, the social approach was necessary to be undertaken for analysing and mapping the psychosocial conditions of the disaster prone area, and accordingly an appropriate strategy and program to implement the produced technology can be formulated. Moreover, it is also important to establish a “community task force” as the driving power for landslide disaster risk reduction, which can sustain the program at the village level.

Performance and bacterial composition of anodic biofilms in microbial fuel cell using dairy wastewater

The research was conducted to analyze the performance and anodic biofilm composition of dairy wastewater microbial fuel cell. This Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) fed with dairy wastewater using initial COD of 1 200 mg · L−1 and pH 6.9. Anaerobic mixed-sludge of industrial wastewater treatment was used as an initial source of electrogenic bacteria. The highest power density, volumetric power, and COD removal efficiency of MFC operation were of 131 m Wm–2, 2.4 Wm–3, and 76 %, respectively. Culturing of anodic biofilm compositions of MFC were dominated by a genus of Commamonas, Bacillus, and Sphingobacterium. Utilization of dairy wastewater in MFC could support anodic bacterial growth for generating electricity and removing pollutant. Hence, this result would be a sustainable and reliable source of bio-energy generation.

TXT-tool 4.062-1.1: A Socio-technical Approach for Landslide Mitigation and Risk Reduction

This paper highlights the importance of integrating social and technical approaches (a so called a “hybrid socio-technical approach”) as an innovative approach to landslide disaster risk reduction. Such a program is mainly based on multi-disciplinary action and research to support a community empowerment program through public education. The technical approach was developed for mainly geological and geotechnical investigations to analyse and predict susceptibility levels in landslide-prone areas, as well as to develop appropriate technology for hazard mapping and disaster early warning systems. Meanwhile, a social approach was undertaken for analysing and mapping psychological and social conditions in disaster-prone areas. An appropriate strategy and program to implement the produced technology can be thus be formulated. Moreover, it is also important to establish a “community task force” as the driving power for landslide disaster risk reduction, which can sustain the program at the village level. This paper describes the achievements and the current activities of IPL-165 “Development of community-based landslide hazard mapping for landslide risk reduction at the village scale in Java, Indonesia”.

TXT-tool 4.062-1.1: Community Hazard Maps for Landslide Risk Reduction

This paper highlights the importance of a non-technical approach to providing hazard maps for community-based landslide risk reduction at the village level. Such maps should be simple and user friendly, so they can be easily prepared and used effectively for mitigation actions by the village communities. Various key parameters required for such mapping are discussed, in line with standard procedures for hazard mapping. A pilot study was carried out in Tengklik Village in Karanganyar Region, Central Java, Indonesia, to test this proposed procedure for hazard mapping. It was concluded that converting the technical information in the maps into more simple terms that will address the practical needs and socio-cultural conditions in any particular village is crucial for assuring the effective employment of such maps in landslide mitigation actions. This chapter describes the achievements and the current activities of IPL-165 “Development of community-based landslide hazard mapping for landslide risk reduction at the village scale in Java, Indonesia” and IPL-158 “Development of Education Program for Sustainable Development in Landslide Vulnerable Area through Student Community Service”.

Promoting a Global Standard for Community-Based Landslide Early Warning Systems (WCoE 2014–2017, IPL-158, IPL-165)

The implementation of early warning systems is in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015–2030. One of the four priorities of the Sendai Framework for Action emphasizes the improvement of preparedness in response to a disaster by carrying out a simple, low-cost early warning system and improving its dissemination. A new proposal of a standard for community-based landslide early warning systems has been promoted to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) by Universitas Gadjah Mada, in corporation with the Indonesian Standardization Agency and the Disaster Management Authority. The standard will serve to empower individuals and communities who are vulnerable to landslides to act in sufficient time in appropriate ways to reduce the possibility of injuries, loss of life and damage to property and the environment. It is designed to encourage communities to play a much more active role in their own protection. The guidelines adopted the concept of people-centered early warning system by UN-ISDR (Developing an early warning system: a checklist. Bonn, Germany, 2006) and will be used by communities vulnerable to landslides, and by government agencies and non-governmental organizations at central, provincial, municipality/district, sub-district, and village levels. The recommendations include: (1) Risk assessment; (2) Dissemination and communication; (3) Formation of disaster preparedness and response teams; (4) Development of evacuation maps; (5) Development of standard operating procedures; (6) Monitoring, early warning, and evacuation drills; (7) Commitment of the local authority and community to maintain the system. The standard will be developed by ISO/TC 292 Security and resilience, with the participation of 43 countries in the committee’s work and another 14 as observers. The basic concept of this global standard has been initiated since 2007 through the Asian Joint Research on Early Warning of Landslides proposed by International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) and Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) Kyoto University and funded by JST and implemented in Indonesia, China, Korea and Japan. This paper describes the achievements and the current activities of the World Centre of Excellence (WCoE) on Landslide Risk Reduction (2014–2017), IPL Project (IPL-158) “Development of community-based landslide early warning system”, and IPL Project (IPL-165) “Development of community-based landslide hazard mapping for landslide risk reduction at the village scale in Java, Indonesia”.

DETERMINATION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITE IN WEST BANGKA BASED ON ROCK MASS RATING AND GEOLOGICAL STRENGTH INDEX

Indonesian government through the National Atomic Energy Agency has planned to build a nuclear power plant. One of the proposed sites is in West Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Archipelago Province. The engineering geology of this area is, however, not fully understood and requires further investigations. Engineering geology investigations were carried out by assessing the rock mass quality and bearing capacity based on field observation and drilling data. The assessment was conducted using Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Geological Strength Index (GSI) classifications. The rock masses in the study area were divided into four units, namely units of sandstone, granite, mudstone and pebbly sandstone. The RMR and GSI values in the study area were influenced by the parameters of discontinuity space density, the slope of discontinuity orientation, grade of weathering and groundwater conditions. The assessment shows that the granite unit had the best quality which was shown by a 53 average RMR value and 66 GSI value. Based on the average RMR value, the granite unit was estimated to have cohesion value between 0.2 and 0.3 MPa, friction angle between 25° and 35°, and allowable bearing pressure between 280 and 135 T/m2. Based on the GSI value, the granite unit was estimated to have uniaxial compressive strength value between 1.0465 and 183.8 MPa, ten*Corresponding author: IRVANI, Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University. Jl. Grafika 2 Yogyakarta, Indonesia. E-mail: irvani@ubb.ac.id sile strength between (-0.0122) and (-5.2625) MPa, rock mass strength values between 24.5244 and 220.351 MPa, and modulus of deformation within a range of 1.73 86.68 GPa. The Granite Unit was considered to be the most appropriate location for the nuclear power plants.

Student Community Service Program for Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia

This paper highlights the importance of student involvement to drive the community empowerment program for landslide disaster risk reduction at the village level in Indonesia, as a part of student community service action organized by Universitas Gadjah Mada. During the period of 2 months, 20–30 students with multi disciplinary backgrounds are deployed in the landslide prone area, to investigate the conditions of geology, environment, landuse and socio-culture which may control the occurrence of landslide disasters. Accordingly, strategic program for landslide prevention, mitigation and early warning can be developed and initiated by addressing the community participation and empowerment. Indeed, this community service program is an ideal media for the capacity development in terms of personality, community and institutional empowerment, with respect to sustainable development in landslide prone area.