nan Wahyudiono

Extraction of Fucoxanthin from Raw Macroalgae excluding Drying and Cell Wall Disruption by Liquefied Dimethyl Ether

Macroalgae are one of potential sources for carotenoids, such as fucoxanthin, which are consumed by humans and animals. This carotenoid has been applied in both the pharmaceutical and food industries. In this study, extraction of fucoxanthin from wet brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida (water content was 93.2%) was carried out with a simple method using liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) as an extractant in semi-continuous flow-type system. The extraction temperature and absolute pressure were 25 °C and 0.59 MPa, respectively. The liquefied DME was passed through the extractor that filled by U. pinnatifida at different time intervals. The time of experiment was only 43 min. The amount of fucoxanthin could approach to 390 μg/g dry of wet U. pinnatifida when the amount of DME used was 286 g. Compared with ethanol Soxhlet and supercritical CO2 extraction, which includes drying and cell disruption, the result was quite high. Thus, DME extraction process appears to be a good method for fucoxanthin recovery from U. pinnatifida with improved yields.

Wet Extraction of Lipids and Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis by Liquefied Dimethyl Ether

Recently, a simple method for the extraction of lipids from wet cyanobacterial microalgae using liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) without drying, cell disruption, or heating was proposed. Herein, the versatility of this method was evaluated using Haematococcus pluvialis at 0.59 MPa and 25°C. Direct extraction of lipids from H. pluvialis of moisture-rich microalgae was successfully achieved, in a lipid extraction yield of 30.0% of the dry weight of the microalgae. The astaxanthin concentration in the extracted lipid was 0.33%, which was lower than the 1.82% achieved by the commonly-used acetone extraction, which incorporates drying and cell disruption. The carbon and hydrogen content were improved after DME extraction. In addition, 92% of water in the wet H. pluvialis was removed. Compared with other extractions, liquefied DME combines drying, cell description, and solvent extraction into one step.

Subcritical Water Extraction of Xanthone from Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana Linn) Pericarp

Subcritical water extraction of phenolic compounds from mangosteen pericarps was examined at temperatures of 120-180°C and pressures of 1-5 MPa using batch and semi-batch extractor. This method is a simple and environmentally friendly extraction method requiring no chemicals other than water. Under these conditions, there is possibility for the formation of phenolic compounds from mangosteen pericarps from decomposition of bounds between lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose via autohydrolysis. In both of systems, the total phenolic content inclusive xanthone increased with increasing extraction temperature. In batch-system, the maximum yield of xanthone was 34 mg/g sample at 180°C and 3 MPa with 150 min reaction time. The total phenolic content could approach to 61 mg/g sample at 180°C and 3 MPa with 150 min extraction time. The results revealed that subcritical water extraction is applicable method for the isolation of polyphenolic compounds from other types of biomass and may lead to an advanced plant biomass components extraction technology.

Removal of Water Pollutants by Pulsed Discharge Plasma and Observation of Its Optical Emission Intensity at Atmospheric Pressure

Pulsed discharge plasma over the liquid surface was observed in the needle electrode configuration. The characteristics of streamer propagation including its optical emission intensity were investigated by using the intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) camera. The experiment was conducted at 313 K, 0.1 MPa argon in a batch-type reactor with methyl orange as a starting material. The characteristic of pulsed streamers were started from the electrode placed above the methyl orange liquid surface and then reached the methyl orange liquid surface, where they propagated on it. The propagation of pulsed streamers and their progression distance increased with the increase in peak voltage value. The optical emission intensity increased immediately after the breakdown; and it increased to its peak value when the applied voltage reached its peak value. After pulsed discharge plasma treatment, methyl orange degraded into its derived compounds with the appearance of light color. UV–vis spectrophotometer analyzed that the intermediate compounds from the degradation of methyl orange consist primarily of aromatic compounds which contain nitrogen functional groups. The degradation of methyl orange is 99% when the number of discharge plasma was 20000×. With increasing the pulse discharge numbers, the pH and the conductivity of methyl orange solution changed clearly.

Extraction of β–glucan by hydrothermal liquidization of barley grain in a semi-batch reactor

ABSTRACT Subcritical water is a natural and green way for extraction of plant biomass components. Here, subcritical water was employed as a media to extract β–glucan from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) at 130–170°C and 10 MPa. MALDI TOF–MS revealed that main massed peaks of water soluble products were distributed at 500-2900 m/z with a peak to peak mass difference of 162 m/z, consistent with the repeating unit of β–glucan. At 170°C, all amount of water soluble β–glucan has been extracted. Next, the liquid fraction products were atomized directly to produce microsphere particles.

Simultaneous Extraction of Water and Essential Oils from Citrus Leaves and Peels Using Liquefied Dimethyl Ether

Most of the residues after extracting juice from the citrus fruit are discarded, although they contain valuable substances such as flavonoids and essential oils. While most of the citrus flavonoids are present in the fruit peel, various valuable substances are also contained in the leaves. Moreover, the leaves and peels of citrus plants contain a large amount of moisture; hence, dewatering is essential for extracting valuable substances. Herein, we used liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) as the extractant for dewatering and extraction of valuable substances. With this process, >70% of the water from the wet samples was removed and valuable substances were isolated from the wet samples. The properties of the original and dewatered samples and the extract were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography. While the essential oils could be extracted, it was not possible to extract flavonoids by the liquefied DME method.

Micronization of curcumin with biodegradable polymer by supercritical anti-solvent using micro swirl mixer

Curcumin is a hydrophobic polyphenol compound exhibiting a wide range of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-carcinogenic, anti-human immunodeficiency virus, and antimicrobial activity. In this work, a swirl mixer was employed to produce the micronized curcumin with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) by the supercritical anti-solvent process to improve the bioavailability of curcumin. The effects of operating parameters such as curcumin/PVP ratio, feed concentration, temperature, pressure, and CO2 flow rate were investigated. The characterization and solubility of particles were determined by using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy. The result shows that the optimal condition for the production of curcumin/PVP particles is at curcumin/PVP ratio of 1:30, feed concentration of 5 mg·mL−1, temperature of 40 °C, pressure of 15 MPa, and CO2 flow rate of 15 mL·min−1. Moreover, the dissolution of curcumin/PVP particles is faster than that of raw curcumin.

Effect of thermal treatment and light irradiation on the stability of lycopene with high Z -isomers content

The stability of lycopene with high Z-isomers content during thermal treatment and light irradiation was investigated. Purified (all-E)-lycopene was thermally isomerized to the Z-isomers in dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) at 50 °C for 24 h. The total content of the Z-isomers of lycopene reached 56.1%. Then, the mixture of lycopene isomers was stored in the dark at 4, 25, and 40 °C for 30 days, and under light irradiation using a fluorescent light at 4 °C for 336 h. The degradation rate of lycopene during thermal treatment rose with increasing temperature and the activation energy for decomposition of the mixture of lycopene isomers was calculated to be 71.0 kJ mol-1. The degradation rate of lycopene isomers was almost the same under thermal treatment. On the other hand, during light irradiation, isomerization was promoted rather than decomposition, i.e. (9Z)- and (13Z)-lycopene converted to the (all-E)-isomer.

Thermal isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene and separation of the Z-isomers by using a low boiling solvent: Dimethyl ether

ABSTRACT Thermal isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene and the separation of generated Z-isomers were conducted using a low boiling solvent, dimethyl ether (DME). Because of the low boiling point (–24.8°C), DME is easily separated from lipids and other residues and is extremely low residual. The efficiency of thermal Z-isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene in DME was almost equivalent to using hexane. The thermally generated lycopene Z-isomers were separated by utilizing the solubility differences among lycopene isomers and a characteristic of DME that allows the solubility of compounds to be controlled by changing the temperature. Finally, a lycopene mixture containing 72.0% Z-isomers was obtained from (all-E)-lycopene.

Upgrading of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch to Value-Added Products

As the second largest producer of palm oil in the world, Malaysia generates a substantial amount of oil palm biomass as agricultural wastes in the forms of empty fruit bunches, shell and fiber, fronds, leaves, and trunks. This biomass feedstock has long been identified as a sustainable source of renewable energy which could reduce the dependency on fossil fuels as the main source of the energy supply and thus lead to reduction of greenhouse gases emission. This chapter highlights the application of oil palm biomass as value-added product and specifically demonstrates the capability of empty fruit bunch as renewable source in generating bio-oil which later could be upgraded as biofuel. Green extraction technique known as supercritical fluid extraction using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) was implemented in this study. Effects of two extraction conditions were investigated which includes temperature (60–80 °C) and CO2 flow rate (3–6 mL/min). The extraction was conducted for 2 h using 10 g of OPEFB within particle size 0.15 mm. The crude bio-oil obtained in this study was diluted in 10 mL dichloromethane (DCM) for analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid, C16), dodecanoic acid 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester (glycerol trilaurate, C39), and 6 octadecanoic acid (stearic acid, C18:0) were identified as the major compounds.