Walter Till

Phylogeny, adaptive radiation, and historical biogeography in Bromeliaceae: Insights from an eight-locus plastid phylogeny

PREMISE Bromeliaceae form a large, ecologically diverse family of angiosperms native to the New World. We use a bromeliad phylogeny based on eight plastid regions to analyze relationships within the family, test a new, eight-subfamily classification, infer the chronology of bromeliad evolution and invasion of different regions, and provide the basis for future analyses of trait evolution and rates of diversification. METHODS We employed maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and Bayesian approaches to analyze 9341 aligned bases for four outgroups and 90 bromeliad species representing 46 of 58 described genera. We calibrate the resulting phylogeny against time using penalized likelihood applied to a monocot-wide tree based on plastid ndhF sequences and use it to analyze patterns of geographic spread using parsimony, Bayesian inference, and the program S-DIVA. RESULTS Bromeliad subfamilies are related to each other as follows: (Brocchinioideae, (Lindmanioideae, (Tillandsioideae, (Hechtioideae, (Navioideae, (Pitcairnioideae, (Puyoideae, Bromelioideae))))))). Bromeliads arose in the Guayana Shield ca. 100 million years ago (Ma), spread centrifugally in the New World beginning ca. 16-13 Ma, and dispersed to West Africa ca. 9.3 Ma. Modern lineages began to diverge from each other roughly 19 Ma. CONCLUSIONS Nearly two-thirds of extant bromeliads belong to two large radiations: the core tillandsioids, originating in the Andes ca. 14.2 Ma, and the Brazilian Shield bromelioids, originating in the Serro do Mar and adjacent regions ca. 9.1 Ma.

Molecular phylogeny of Gymnocalycium (Cactaceae): Assessment of alternative infrageneric systems, a new subgenus, and trends in the evolution of the genus

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The South American genus Gymnocalycium (Cactoideae-Trichocereae) demonstrates how the sole use of morphological data in Cactaceae results in conflicts in assessing phylogeny, constructing a taxonomic system, and analyzing trends in the evolution of the genus. METHODS Molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed using parsimony and Bayesian methods on a 6195-bp data matrix of plastid DNA sequences (atpI-atpH, petL-psbE, trnK-matK, trnT-trnL-trnF) of 78 samples, including 52 species and infraspecific taxa representing all the subgenera of Gymnocalycium. We assessed morphological character evolution using likelihood methods to optimize characters on a Bayesian tree and to reconstruct possible ancestral states. KEY RESULTS The results of the phylogenetic study confirm the monophyly of the genus, while supporting overall the available infrageneric classification based on seed morphology. Analysis showed the subgenera Microsemineum and Macrosemineum to be polyphyletic and paraphyletic. Analysis of morphological characters showed a tendency toward reduction of stem size, reduction in quantity and hardiness of spines, increment of seed size, development of napiform roots, and change from juicy and colorful fruits to dry and green fruits. CONCLUSIONS Gymnocalycium saglionis is the only species of Microsemineum and a new name is required to identify the clade including the remaining species of Microsemineum; we propose the name Scabrosemineum in agreement with seed morphology. Identifying morphological trends and environmental features allows for a better understanding of the events that might have influenced the diversification of the genus.

Tillandsia marconae — eine neue Art aus der peruanischen Küstenwüste

T. marconae is described as a new species from the Peruvian coastal desert. Its systematic position betweenT. paleaceaPresl em.L. B. Smith andT. purpureaRuiz & Pavon is discussed.

Neue Taxa vonTillandsia subgenusDiaphoranthema (Bromeliaceae) aus Bolivien und Argentinien

Abstract5 new taxa are described and illustrated; their position within the subgenus is discussed:T. hirtaW. Till & L. Hromadnik,T. cotagaitensisL. Hromadnik,T. caliginosaW. Till, andT. gilliesiiBaker subsp.polystichaW. Till & L. Hromadnik are members of a group includingT. myosuraGrisebach exBaker,T. mandoniiE. Morren exMez in DC.,T. retortaGrisebach exBaker em.Grisebach andT. andicolaGillies exBaker.T. brealitoensisL. Hromadnik is related toT. angulosaMez in DC. but distinct and possibly of hybrid origin.

Tillandsia mollis (Bromeliaceae) — eine neue Art aus Südbolivien

Tillandsia mollis sp. n. is related toT. usneoides (L.) L. but differs mainly in the densely lepidote sepals and the soft and thick round leaves.

Tillandsia carminea — eine interessante neue Bromeliacee aus dem Orgelgebirge bei Rio de Janeiro (Brasilien)

Tillandsia carminea is a new, morphologically and ecologically distinct species, related toT. strictaSolander, which occurs in the Serra dos Orgaos near Teresopolis, Brazil. It has been taken forT. roseaLindley, but new investigations have shown thatT. rosea is a synonym toT. stricta and thatT. carminea is a good and distinct species.

Aechmea itapoana, a new species from Bahia (Brazil): Taxonomy and ecology

Aechmea itapoana is a new, conspicuous and distinct species from the coastal sand dune scrub of N.E. Brazil. Its possible relationships within subgenusChevaliera, toA. multiflora andA. rodriguesia are discussed.

Eine neueTillandsia-Art aus Südmexico:T. kolbii (Bromeliaceae)

A new species ofTillandsia is described and discussed in regard to related species.