Wanderley da Silva Paganini

Disponibilidade de metais pesados em Latossolo com aplicação superficial de escória, lama cal, lodos de esgoto e calcário

The objective of this work was to evaluate the soil chemical attributes and exchange of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) by DTPA extractor in an Oxisol with surface application of flue dust, aqueous lime, sewage sludge in rates of zero (control), 2, 4 and 8 Mg ha-1 and one additional treatment of dolomitic limestone at 2 Mg ha-1. The experiment was carried out in a randomized blocks design under field conditions, in a no-tillage system in 2003 and 2004. The surface applications of flue dust, aqueous lime and sewage sludge centrifuge and biodigestor at 8 Mg ha-1, as well as the application of limestone at 2 Mg ha-1, cause no problems of exchange to the environment, related to the heavy metals Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Ni and As, when applied on an Oxisol surface in no-till system. The bioavailability of heavy metals to soybean and black-oat cultures was zero, when were applied 8 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge, flue dust, and aqueous lime on soil surface in no-till system.

Aspectos conceituais da regulação dos serviços de água e esgoto no Brasil

The objective of this paper is to present the conceptual aspects of the regulation of water and sewage services in Brazil and to perform a comparative analysis of this regulation to the other sectors of the infrastructure. This study is based on the assumption of regulation as an intervention of the State turned to the efficiency and fairness, and presents the theoretical foundations to justify this regulation in the context of the characteristics of water and sewage sector. By comparison with other sectors of infrastructure networks, it has been concluded that depending on the physical, economic and institutional characteristics of water and sewage sector, this activity is quite complex to be effectively established according to the principles of law 11.445/2007.

Malaria outside the Amazon region: natural Plasmodium infection in anophelines collected near an indigenous village in the Vale do Rio Branco, Itanhaém, SP, Brazil.

A few cases of Plasmodium vivax malaria in which anophelines of subgenus Kerteszia were incriminated as vectors have been reported outside the Amazon region, in the Atlantic Forest. This study was carried out near an indigenous Guarani village in the Curucutu reserve, an environmental protection area in the municipality of Itanhaém in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, on November 30, 2009, February 18, 2010, April 29, 2010 and May 26, 2010. Mosquitoes were collected along the route to the Guarani village where the edge of the Branco river floodplain meets the forests on the mountain slopes. Adult forms were collected with CO(2)-baited CDC traps and Shannon traps from twilight to 10:00 P.M. Anopheles cruzii predominated in both traps. The other species collected in the CDC traps were An. pseudomaculipes/maculipes, An. fluminensis and An. mediopunctatus/forattinii/costai. In addition to the latter three species, An. apicimacula/intermedius and An. strodei were also found in the Shannon traps. All but An. cruzii and An. strodei belong to subgenus Anopheles. A total of 506 mosquitoes were assayed by PCR to detect natural infection by Plasmodium species. In the CDC traps, An. fluminensis and An. pseudomaculipes/maculipes were positive for Plasmodium malariae, while in the Shannon traps An. pseudomaculipes/maculipes was positive for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae and An. cruzii was positive for P. malariae, resulting in a minimum infection rate of 0.24%. Our findings suggest that An. cruzii may be incriminated in the transmission of malaria between monkeys and humans, as this species was found to be infected by P. malariae. They also highlight the need for an understanding of the role of anophelines from outside subgenus Kerteszia in the transmission of malaria in the Atlantic Forest, as these were also found to be naturally infected by P. vivax and P. malariae.

Avaliação do comportamento de metais pesados no tratamento de esgotos por disposição no solo

This assay presents the soil contamination levels by heavy metals, from 16 years of a sewage plant operation, by overland flow, in Populina City, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The analyses carried out for this evaluation were the pH and the following heavy metals: copper, zinc, aluminum, cadmium, mercury, molybdenum, nickel and lead. The results showed that the majority of the metals presented similar behavior, with considerable concentration up to 30 and 50m of distance from the launching spot, concentrated on the first 20cm of depth. The dumping from gas stations on the sewage collecting system seems to contribute to the increase of the lead levels. New researches should be carried out due to the high values of Hg, Ni, Pb and Al registered 20m far from the sewage launching spots, because if it is confirmed there will be high contamination risks to the table waters.

Small-scale landfills: impacts on groundwater and soil

In Brazil, the large quantities of solid waste produced are out of step with public policies, technological developments, and government budgets for the division. In small municipalities, the common lack of technological knowledge and financial conditions for suitable waste disposal has resulted in a large number of illegal dumps. Therefore, small sanitary landfill facilities are working with simplified operations focusing on cost reduction and meeting the economic and technological standards of the city without endangering the environment or public health. Currently, this activity is regulated at a federal level although there is some uncertainty regarding the risk of soil and aquifer contamination as theses facilities do not employ liners. Thus, this work evaluates a small landfill to identify changes in soil and groundwater using geotechnical parameters, monitoring wells, and geophysical tests performed by electrical profiling. It is verified that based on current conditions, no contaminants have migrated via underground water aquifers, and overall no significant changes have occurred in the soil. It is concluded that, despite its simplicity, the method investigated is a viable alternative for the final disposal of municipal solid waste from small cities, especially in developing countries.

Os microrganismos nas atividades de disposição de esgotos no solo: estudo de caso

ABSTRACT This work shows the results of the research of helminthes eggs, Salmonella sp., total coliforms and E. coli in the sewage affluent and effluent and in the soil at the Sewage Treatment Plant in Populina, SP, which treatment method is the overland flow. The results have shown that the system was capable to reduce the number of helminthes eggs in the final effluent and that they are found in a bigger number on the soil surface and in twenty meters from the point of appliance of sewage. It is likely that the humidity has a certain influence on the viability of Ascaris sp. eggs. The system was not efficient on the removal Salmonella sp., total coliform and E. coli. It is worth pointing out that sewage treatment plant is operating over the capacity it was built to operating at, what would justify such results. KEYWORDS: Sewage disposal in soil, overland flow, health risks, environmental contamination, pathogens. INTRODUCAO Embora seja mais comum dispor os esgotos e efluentes nos corpos d’agua, a disposicao no solo e uma alternativa que foi e ainda e empregada de forma muito intensa. Neste caso, dependendo da carga orgânica lancada, o ambiente pode ter condicoes de receber e decompor os com-postos em niveis que nao causem danos ao ecossistema local e circunvizinho. Isto porque alguns processos naturais tem condicoes de promover o tratamento dos esgotos desde que nao ocorra sobrecarga e que haja boas condicoes ambientais que permitam a evolucao, reproducao e cres-cimento de organismos que decompoem e estabilizam a materia orgânica (Coraucci Filho et al, 1999). O conjunto formado pelo solo, vegetacao superior, energia solar e agua asseguram a transformacao da materia orgânica em energia renovavel. No sistema solo-microrganismo-planta encontram-se os elementos que atuam no tratamento por disposicao no solo: solo e superficie do solo, sistema foliar, colo da planta e sistema radicular. Esses elementos irao atuar com maior ou menor intensidade dependendo do metodo de disposicao adotado (Paganini, 2003).Os avancos recentes na analise da comunidade do solo, usando metodos moleculares, indicam uma enorme diversidade microbiologica no solo. Essa diversidade excede a dos ambientes aquaticos e e uma grande fonte para a exploracao biotecnologica de novos organismos, produtos e processos. O principal efeito que a diversidade microbiologica pode ter nos processos do ecossistema e assegurar que todos os compostos orgânicos sejam reciclados. Assume-se que a biodiversidade in-fluencie na estabilidade do ecossistema, na produtividade e no poder de recu-peracao frente a estresses e disturbios (Torsvik e Ovreas, 2002).O solo e um sistema complexo que compreende uma variedade de micro-habitats com diferentes gradientes fisi-cos e quimicos, e condicoes ambientais descontinuas. Os microrganismos se adaptam aos microhabitats interagindo uns com os outros e com outras partes da biota do solo (Torsvik e Ovreas, 2002). A acao dos microrganismos presentes nos solos nao estereis e nas plantas e um dos principais fatores de remocao de microrganismos patogeni-cos que chegam com o esgoto ao solo. A acao dos microrganismos na remocao

Influence of the detergent formulation on the concentration of phosphorus in the sewage inflows to the WWTPs: the Brazilian experience

ABSTRACT This work seeks to discuss the presence of phosphorus in raw sewage considering the formulation of the powder detergent for cleaning fabrics currently sold in Brazil. Based on the results of laboratory analyses performed in the sewage inflows to three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in São Paulo state, it evaluates the different fractions of this element and sizes the impact caused by the product. The average concentration of total phosphorus (total-P) in sewage inflows has shown a reduction trend over the years, and it is currently between 5.3 and 7.6 mg/L. The participation of organic phosphorus (org-P) tends to be higher than that of the inorganic phosphorus (inorg-P) with average around 64% of total-P. This situation indicates a change from the default and it may be influenced by the reduced contribution of phosphorus in the powder detergents. It was concluded that the formulation of the Brazilian products, which have a very low phosphate content, less than 0.01% by weight, may have altered the phosphorus dynamics in sewage. In other respects, results have shown the need to enhance actions aimed at controlling the sources of phosphorus in sewage, with a view to assure preventive measures to water pollution processes.

Impactos das atividades humanas sobre a dinâmica do fósforo no meio ambiente e seus reflexos na saúde pública

Phosphorus is a nutrient with finite and non-renewable sources, the speed of exploitation of which is currently far higher than the rates of return to its natural cycle. It is already being predicted that available and known sources will soon be exhausted, with serious and irreversible economic, social and environmental impacts. In this context, this study sets out to present information about the dynamics of phosphorus in the environment, assessing the impacts caused by human activities and establishing what actions might contribute to preservation of the nutrient cycle. To contribute to enhanced understanding of the topic, the evolution of data on population density, the number of industries and the extension of cultivated areas in a river basin, was studied over 22 years in relation to concentrations of phosphorus in water and sediment. The Tiete River was used for the case study. The results revealed that the control of domestic effluent, especially the amount of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) used in detergents and soap products, is of major importance for improving water quality, ensuring environmental protection and safeguarding public health.

TRATAMENTO CONJUNTO DE LIXIVIADOS DE ATERROS EM ESTAÇÕES DE TRATAMENTO DO SISTEMA PÚBLICO DE ESGOTOS NA ETE TUPÃ – SÃO PAULO

RESUMO: O presente trabalho discute o recebimento do lixiviado do Aterro Sanitario de Tupa na Estacao de Tratamento de Esgotos ETE Tupa para tratamento conjunto com os esgotos sanitarios. Para verificar a viabilidade do tratamento conjunto na ETE Tupa realizou-se a avaliacao da conformidade legal do efluente da estacao e a verificacao da sua capacidade para recebimento das cargas adicionais provenientes do lixiviado, mediante uma comparacao entre a potencia instalada dos aeradores e a necessidade de oxigenio para suprir a demanda do tratamento biologico; em relacao ao lodo gerado, foi avaliada a capacidade da lagoa de sedimentacao e dos leitos de secagem, verificando-se que o tratamento conjunto e viavel nas condicoes de operacao da ETE. O trabalho apresenta tambem uma reflexao sobre essa pratica, especialmente em funcao das tendencias que apontam para o tratamento dos efluentes na fonte geradora, observando

ATERRO SANITÁRIO OU ÁREA DE PRESERVAÇÃO AMBIENTAL? O DESTINO DO PARQUE GUARACIABA EM SANTO ANDRÉ - SP

Este trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre o destino do Parque Guaraciaba,no Municipio de Sao Andre. Este parque ja foi uma area de preservacao ambiental e hoje existe a possibilidade de torna-se um aterro sanitario. Ele e considerado uma micro-bacia hidrografica, pois possui uma area de 510.580 m² de area verde com uma vegetacao remanescente da Mata Atlântica e um lago natural de 1,4 milhoes m³ de agua. Tanto a area verde como os corpos de agua existentes no parque atuam como um elemento importante no clima urbano da regiao reduzindo os efeitos da chamada “ilhas de calor”. A Regiao Metropolitana vive uma crise no abastecimento de agua doce, necessitando busca-la em outra bacia hidrografica. Este dado reforca a necessidade de preservar qualquer recurso hidrico para o futuro proximo. Portanto os recursos existentes no parque deveriam ser suficientes para garanti-lo como area de preservacao ambiental. PALAVRAS-CHAVE : preservacao ambiental; micro bacia hidrografica; percepcao de risco ambiental.