Warren Heckrotte

Relation between Diochotron and Negative Mass Instabilities

A cylinder of electrons infinitely long and infinitesimally thin in the radial direction is used to show the equivalence of the diochotron and negative mass instabilities. The electrons have a unique relativistic velocity in the azimuthal direction. The external magnetic field has a radial gradient, and a criterion for stability is derived that places a lower limit on the field gradient. This criterion shows that the instability can occur at energies below the transition energy of the magnetic field.

Interaction Models, Negative Energy Waves, and Electrostatic Instabilities

It has been possible to introduce certain physical interpretations for the various contributions which a given species may make to the total dispersion relation for electrostatic instabilities of an anisotropic magnetized plasma. These interpretations are helpful in developing ones physical intuition regarding such instabilities. One appropriate specialization is the use of a physical model of the interaction of a distribution of particles with an imposed wave for the case in which the wave is set up primarily by a species other than that which drives the instability. Conversely, when the cooperative nature of the driver species is dominant, it is natural to describe its properties in terms of negative energy waves. The discussion shows the connection between these viewpoints as special cases of our more general description.

The long history: the test ban debate

A ban on nuclear weapons tests is regarded by some as unfinished business in the attempt to inhibit. the spread of nuclear weapons and by others as a potential threat to natzonal securiti. This article traces briefly the long and complzcated hzstory of the negotzatzons to achieve a complete test ban.

Comprehensive test ban negotiations

Although it has been a stated policy goal of American and Soviet leaders since 1958 (with the exception of Ronald Reagan), the world today is still without a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Throughout their history, test an negotiatins have been plagued by a number of persistent problems. Chief among these is East‐West differences on the verification question, with the United States concerned about the problem of possible Soviet cheating and the USSR concerned about the protection of its national sovereignty. In addition, internal bureaucratic politics have played a major role in preventing the successful conclusion of an agreement.Despite these problems, the superpowers have concluded several significant partial meausres: a brief (1958–1961) total moratorium on nuclear weapons tests; the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963, banning tests in the air, water and outer space; the Threshold Test Ban Treaty of 1974 (150 KT limit on underground explosions); and the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty of 1976 (150 KT ...