Weibson Paz Pinheiro Andre

Comparative efficacy and toxic effects of carvacryl acetate and carvacrol on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and mice

Carvacrol is a compound isolated from some essential oils. It has been reported to possess anthelmintic activity. Acetylation of this monoterpene has been proposed as a potential way to reduce the toxicity and enhance the pharmacological effects of carvacrol. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of carvacryl acetate (CA) using in vitro and in vivo assays with gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants. The egg hatching test (EHT), larval development test (LDT) and adult worm motility (AWM) assessment were conducted to evaluate the effect of the acetylated product and pure carvacrol on Haemonchus contortus eggs, larvae and adults. The structural changes induced in adult H. contortus were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CA and carvacrol acute toxicity was evaluated in mice. Finally, the efficacy of 250 mg/kg CA and 2.5mg/kg monepantel (positive control) were evaluated in 30 sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes by the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). In vitro tests were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by comparison with Tukeys test. The efficacy was calculated by the Boot Street program using the arithmetic average. The number of eggs in feces (epg) of the groups were transformed to log (x+1) and subjected to ANOVA to compare differences among the groups by Tukeys test. The level of significance was P<0.05. CA and carvacrol inhibited larval hatching by 89.3 and 97.7% at doses of 8.0 and 1.0mg/ml, respectively. At the concentration of 2mg/ml, CA and carvacrol inhibited 100% of larval development. At a concentration of 200 μg/ml, CA and carvacrol inhibited the motility of adult worms by 100% and 58.3% at 24h post-exposure, respectively. CA caused cuticle and vulvar flap wrinkling and bubbles to emerge from the tegument. Carvacrol caused more discreet effects on the cuticle and vulvar flap. The LD10 and LD50 of CA were 566.7 mg/kg and 1544.5mg/kg, respectively. The LD10 and LD50 of carvacrol were 546.8 mg/kg and 919 mg/kg, respectively. CA and monepantel reduced the epg of sheep by 65.9 and 96.4%, respectively, at 16 days post-treatment. CA showed in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity and was less toxic than carvacrol.

Haemonchus contortus β-tubulin isotype 1 gene F200Y and F167Y SNPs are both selected by ivermectin and oxfendazole treatments with differing impacts on anthelmintic resistance

Parasitism by Haemonchus contortus is one of the main limiting factors in small ruminant production in tropical areas. Benzimidazoles (BZ) and macrocyclic lactones (ML) are the most used anthelmintic classes in gastrointestinal nematodes control. There is considerable scientific evidence of a possible relation between the anthelmintic resistance to BZ and ML. This study aimed to characterize the dynamics of anthelmintic resistance in an H. contortus susceptible isolate under selection pressure for BZ and ML alone or in combination and the role of isotype 1 β-tubulin gene SNPs in these situations. A total of 12 Somali sheep were infected with 5000 third stage larvae of H. contortus Inbred-Susceptible Edinburgh (ISE) isolate. Once infection was established, animals were distributed in three groups (n=4), each treated with crescent doses of oxfendazole (OXF), ivermectin (IVM) and oxfendazole plus ivermectin (IVMOXF). An additional control group with untreated animals was maintained during the entire experiment. After each treatment, eggs were collected and real-time PCR was performed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) F167Y, F200Y and E198A, in addition to egg hatch test (EHT) for BZ and larval development test (LDT) for ivermectin resistance. All treatments led to increased resistance allelic frequencies at SNPs F200Y and F167Y (p <0.05). In vitro results showed increased phenotypic resistance against both anthelmintic classes in groups IVM and IVMOXF while group OXF only developed resistance against BZ. Finally, we provide evidence that while isotype 1 β-tubulin gene SNPs may have some involvement with ML resistance, the presence of these β-tubulin SNPs alone are not sufficient to develop ML resistance.

Teste in vitro da eficácia da cipermetrina e amitraz sobre Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

The Rhipicephalus sanguineus is an ectoparasite that infests dogs. Features importance due to transmission of various pathogens. The control of the tick is based on acaricides, and the main active principles resistance has been observed. The aim of this work was to verify the efficacy of amitraz 12.5% and cypermethrin 5% on teleógenas R. sanguineus. We collected 90 teleógenas in dogs in the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Products acaricides were diluted according to the manufacturers recommendation. The engorged females suffered immersion bath for five minutes, then were acondicionas in petri dishes, inspected daily and maintained in environments with average ANDRE, W.P.P. et al. Teste in vitro da eficácia da cipermetrina e amitraz sobre Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. PUBVET, Londrina, V. 8, N. 1, Ed. 250, Art. 1653, Janeiro, 2014. temperature (30.10o max. and 26.14omin:) and relative humidity (63.34% max and 40.33% min) for 30 days. The group amitraz showed 100% efficacy of inhibiting oviposition teleógenas while cypermethrin obtained efficacy ranging from 0.0 to 88.8 with a mean ± SD of 32.1 ± 48.5, respectively. The amitraz showed the greatest efficacy on teleógenas R. sanguineus from pet dogs in the city of Mossoró, however, it is necessary to adopt measures to educate the proper use of these active principles in order to avoid the occurrence of resistance.

Rabies transmission by Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) in Ceará state, Brazil. A review

Rabies is a serious infection caused by a virus belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus. The disease is characterized by an acute lethal encephalitis and the transmission occurs by inoculating the rabies virus in the saliva of mammals infected by biting, licking scratch or mucous membranes. According to its transmission mechanism and its epidemiological cycle, the disease can be classified as: urban, rural, wild aerial and terrestrial wild. Anger involving wild animals is a serious danger to pets as well as humans. The main reservoirs of wildlife rabies in Brazil, are the white tuft of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). In Ceara, the maintenance cycle of anger among marmosets has been a major issue for public health authorities. This work aimed to make a brief epidemiological approach Rabies transmission by Marmosets in Ceara state, Brazil, as the history of the number of rabies cases in C. jacchus, confirms its epidemiological significance and reinforces the growing need for public health surveillance in the Ceara.

Analysis of cases of human leishmaniasis and its relation to euthanasia of animals collected by the central control of zoonoses Mossoró-RN

1 Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arido, Brasil. 2 Laboratorio de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arido, Brasil. 3 Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do SemiArido, Brasil. 4 Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidade Estadual do Ceara, Brasil. ___________________________________________________________________________

Ocorrência de Amblyomma auricularium (Conil, 1878) em tatu-galinha de vida livre (Dasypus novemcinctus) (Xenartra: Dasypodidae) no Ceará, Brasil

4 Medico veterinario e doutorando do Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencia Animal da UFERSA. 5,6 Discentes da graduacao em Medicina Veterinaria da UFERSA. 7 Medica veterinaria, Docente do DCAn da UFERSA. RESUMO - A coleta sistematica de ixodideos em mamiferos silvestres contribui com informacoes valiosas para o manejo de populacoes tanto em liberdade in situ como ex situ em parques zoologicos, criadores comerciais, conservacionistas e cientificos. Dentre estes animais menciona-se os tatus-galinha, Dasypus novemcinctus, que quando em seu habitat natural ou em cativeiro podem ser acometidos por carrapatos que afetam sua saude e bem-estar. Nesta linha, o presente trabalho objetivou fazer o registro da ocorrencia de infestacao por Amblyomma auricularium em D.novemcinctus em Russas, estado do Ceara, Brasil. Os carrapatos foram recuperados de dois tatus mantidos sob condicoes naturais. Apos as coletas, os animais foram soltos em seu ambiente e os ectoparasitos transferidos para frascos contendo alcool 70% para posterior identificacao taxonomica. Esta ultima foi realizada no Laboratorio de Parasitologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arido com auxilio de chaves dicotomicas. Dos animais, recuperou-se 25 ixodideos, sendo uma larva de Amblyomma sp., seis ninfas e dezoito carrapatos adultos (doze femeas e seis machos) identificados como A. auricularium. A ocorrencia de A.auricularium e bastante conhecida parasitando tatus, contudo esta e a segunda vez que se registra a ocorrencia desta especie parasitando D. novemcinctus de vida livre nas condicoes semiaridas do Ceara, Brasil. Espera-se, estimular pesquisas com mamiferos silvestres de vida livre a fim de coletar, identificar e registrar especies de ixodideo, contribuindo com estudos epidemiologicos que possam esclarecer melhor as interacoes entre o meio ambiente, hospedeiros e os carrapatos. Palavras-chaves: Carrapato, Infestacao, Ixodidae ABSTRACT The systematic collection of ticks on wild mammals contributes valuable information for the management of populations both in free in situ and ex situ in zoos, commercial breeders, conservationists and scientists. Among these animals is referred tothenine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, when in their natural habitat or in captivity may be affected by ticks that affect their health and well-being. In this line, the present study aimed to register the occurrence of infestation by Amblyomma auricularium in D. novemcinctus in Russas, Ceara state, Brazil. Ticks were recovered from two armadillos kept under natural conditions. After collection, the animals were released in their environment and ectoparasites transferred to vials containing70% alcohol for later taxonomic identification. The latter was carried out in the Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arido with the aid of a dichotomous key. The animals recovered 25 ixodid, one larva of Amblyomma sp., Six nymphs and adult tick seighteen (twelve females and six males) identified as A. auricularium. The occurrence of A. auricularium is well known parasitizing armadillos, however thisis the second time that records the occurrence of this species parasitizing D. novemcinctus free livingin semi- arid conditions of Ceara, Brazil. It is hoped, stimulate research on free-living wild mammals in order to collect, identify and record species of ticks, contributing to epidemiological studies that may clarify the interactions between environment, host and ticks.