Wendy Nelson Espeland

Rankings and Reactivity: How Public Measures Recreate Social Worlds

Recently, there has been a proliferation of measures responding to demands for accountability and transparency. Using the example of media rankings of law schools, this article argues that the methodological concept of reactivity—the idea that people change their behavior in reaction to being evaluated, observed, or measured—offers a useful lens for disclosing how these measures effect change. A framework is proposed for investigating the consequences, both intended and unintended, of public measures. The article first identifies two mechanisms, self‐fulfilling prophecy and commensuration, that induce reactivity and then distinguishes patterns of effects produced by reactivity. This approach demonstrates how these increasingly fateful public measures change expectations and permeate institutions, suggesting why it is important for scholars to investigate the impact of these measures more systematically.

A Sociology of Quantification

One of the most notable political developments of the last thirty years has been increasing public and governmental demand for the quantification of social phenomena, yet sociologists generally have paid little attention to the spread of quantification or the significance of new regimes of measurement. Our article addresses this oversight by analyzing quantification – the production and communication of numbers – as a general sociological phenomenon. Drawing on scholarship across the social sciences in Europe and North America as well as humanistic inquiry, we articulate five sociological dimensions of quantification and call for an ethics of numbers.

Ownership changes, accounting practice and the redefinition of the corporation

Abstract This paper examines the role of accounting in facilitating and legitimating the conglomerate movement in American business during the 1960s. We argue that the profileration of conglomerate mergers contributed to a reconceptualization of the corporation that emphasized its financial rather than its productive capacities. This conception of the firm has now been institutionalized; its logic motivates the takeovers and restructuring that characterize contemporary business. Our case illustrates the rhetorical power of accounting as a symbolic system for legitimating new corporate forms and practices.

Money, Meaning, and Morality

Modern money creates, transforms, transports, and possesses meaning by virtue of how it is used. This article devises a framework for the systematic study of monetary meaning. In particular, monetary meanings depend on the flow of money (both its proximate source and future direction) and on who promulgates or issues it. Meanings also derive from how moneys use and flow are restricted and on monetary media. Monetarization quantifies social activities and introduces new equivalences and comparisons. The factors shaping meaning also underpin important types of monetary variation (homogeneous vs. differentiated money; anonymous vs. personal; material vs. immaterial).

Power, Policy and Paperwork: The Bureaucratic Representation of Interests

This article compares how five government documents evaluate a proposed dam in Central Arizona. One of the consequences of this dam would be to force a small Native American community from their ancestral land. Spanning almost forty years, these documents illustrate changes in how a federal agency legitimated these projects and their negative social impacts to different audiences. These records are used here to argue for the importance of careful textual analysis of bureaucratic paperwork, as an additional form of understanding the multiple dimensions of social, economic, and political power over disempowered groups.

Studying ethics as policy: The naming and framing of moral problems in genetic research

This article reports on a study of an ethics policy developed by a startup genomics company at the time it gained all commercial rights to a populationbased biobank in northern Sweden. Work in the anthropology of policy has been used as inspiration to study throughto identify how the policy took shape, to follow it through to the networks in which it took on social life, and finally to probe its social implications, in particular among the people for whom and on whom it was supposed to work. It is argued that as ethics takes the form of policy work, it tends to be so preoccupied with presenting solutions that it overlooks critical understanding and assessment of problems. It is suggested that anthropology might play a complementary role to the policy work of ethics by reintroducing otherwise marginalized moral voices and positions.This article reports on a study of an ethics policy developed by a startup genomics company at the time it gained all commercial rights to a populationbased biobank in northern Sweden. Work in the anthropology of policy has been used as inspiration to study throughto identify how the policy took shape, to follow it through to the networks in which it took on social life, and finally to probe its social implications, in particular among the people for whom and on whom it was supposed to work. It is argued that as ethics takes the form of policy work, it tends to be so preoccupied with presenting solutions that it overlooks critical understanding and assessment of problems. It is suggested that anthropology might play a complementary role to the policy work of ethics by reintroducing otherwise marginalized moral voices and positions.