Wenjing Kan

Spirosoma arcticum sp. nov., isolated from high Arctic glacial till.

A novel orange-pigmented strain, designated R2-35(T), was isolated from a glacier till near Ny-Alesund, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway. The cells were aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped and sometimes filamentous. Growth occurred at 4-28 °C (optimum, 20 °C), at pH 7.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and with 0-1% NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain R2-35(T) belonged to the genus Spirosoma with sequence similarity to related species ranging from 91.65 to 95.19%. Strain R2-35(T) contained C16 : 0 (10.7%), C18 : 0 (9.2%), C16 : 1ω5c (16.5%) and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) (24.6%) as the major cellular fatty acids, MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone, and phosphatidylethanolamine as the main polar lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain R2-35(T) was 54.9 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data, strain R2-35(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma arcticum sp. nov., is proposed, The type strain is R2-35(T) ( = CCTCC AB 2012849(T) = LMG 28141(T)).

Pedobacter huanghensis sp. nov. and Pedobacter glacialis sp. nov., isolated from Arctic glacier foreland.

Two psychrotolerant, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strains, designed M1-27(T) and 8-24(T), were subjected to polyphasic taxonomic studies. Strain M1-27(T) was isolated from the foreland of the Midtre Lovénbreen glacier, whereas strain 8-24(T) was isolated from the foreland of the Austre Lovénbreen glacier. Both were Arctic glacier forelands, near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway. Strains M1-27(T) and 8-24(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 91.0-96.0% and 92.3-96.7%, respectively, to type strains of recognized species of the genus Pedobacter. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the two strains were grouped with members of the genus Pedobacter, but represented distinct taxa. Both strains contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone. The DNA G+C contents of strains M1-27(T) and 8-24(T) were 43.8% and 39.4%, respectively. The phenotypic characteristics, biochemical properties and polygenetic analysis, clearly indicated that strains M1-27(T) ( = CCTCC AB 2012936(T) = LMG 28205(T)) and 8-24(T) ( = CCTCC AB 2012941(T) = NRRL B-59993(T)) represent two novel species of the genus Pedobacter, for which the names Pedobacter huanghensis sp. nov. and Pedobacter glacialis sp. nov., respectively, are proposed.

Hymenobacter arcticus sp. nov., isolated from glacial till.

A novel, red-pink-pigmented strain, designated R2-4(T), was isolated from a till sample near Ny-Alesund, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway. Cells were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped. Growth occurred at 4-30 °C (optimum, 20-22 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0-1% NaCl added to R2A agar. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain R2-4(T) belonged to the genus Hymenobacter. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain R2-4(T) and the type strains of related species of the genus ranged from 94.51 to 96.05%. Strain R2-4(T) contained iso-C(15 : 0), anteiso-C(15 : 0), summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)ω6c and/or C(16 : 1)ω7c), summed feature 4 (C(17 : 1) anteiso B and/or iso I) and C(16 : 1)ω5c as the major cellular fatty acids, MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone, and phosphatidylethanolamine, unknown aminophospholipids, unknown aminolipids and unknown lipids as the main polar lipids. The polyamine was sym-homospermidine. The DNA G+C content of strain R2-4(T) was 61.6 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data, strain R2-4(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter arcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R2-4(T) ( = CCTCC AB 2012104(T) = KACC 16881(T)).

Huanghella arctica gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium of the family Cytophagaceae isolated from Arctic tundra soil.

A novel, strictly aerobic, red-pigmented, gram-reaction-negative bacterium, designated strain R9-9(T), was isolated from tundra soil collected near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway (78° N). The novel strain was subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. It grew optimally at 20-22 °C and at pH 7.0. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain R9-9(T) represents a distinct phyletic line that reflects a novel generic status within the family Cytophagaceae. The novel strain showed relatively low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (<88.0 %) to members of established genera. Strain R9-9(T) contained summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)ω7c and/or C(16 : 1)ω6c), iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH, iso-C(15 : 0) and C(16 : 1)ω5c as its major cellular fatty acids, phosphatidylethanolamine as its main polar lipid, and MK-7 as its major respiratory quinone. The genomic DNA G+C content was 56.1 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain R9-9(T) is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus in the family Cytophagaceae, for which the name Huanghella arctica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R9-9(T) ( = CCTCC AB 2010418(T) = NRRL B-59750(T)).

Roseovarius antarcticus sp. nov., isolated from a decayed whale bone.

A pale yellow, ovoid- to rod-shaped and budding bacterium, designated strain M-S13-148(T), was isolated from a decayed bone of whale from the eastern coast of King George Island, South Shetlands, Antarctica. Strain M-S13-148(T) exhibited motility, aerobic growth and was Gram-stain-negative. Strain M-S13-148(T) was positive for catalase and oxidase. Growth was observed at pH 6.0-9.0, at 4-42 °C and with 0-14% (w/v) NaCl. The novel strain contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unknown phospholipid as the major polar lipids. The dominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), (58.8%) and C16 : 0 (11.7%). The respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the DNA G + C content was 60.9 mol%. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and minimum-evolution phylogenetic trees, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, indicated that strain M-S13-148(T) belonged to the genus Roseovarius and was most closely related to Roseovarius nanhaiticus CCTCC AB 208317(T) (93.72% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to members of the genus Roseovarius ranged from 91.81 to 93.94%. On the basis of phenotypic, molecular and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain M-S13-148 is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Roseovarius, for which the name Roseovarius antarcticus sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is M-S13-148(T) ( = CCTCC AB2014072(T) = LMG 28420(T)).

Pedobacter ardleyensis sp. nov., isolated from soil of the Ardley Island, South Shetland Islands in Antarctica.

A red-pigmented, non-motile, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, strain R2-28T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from Ardley Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. The organism grew optimally at 18 °C in TSB. On the basis of phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, strain R2-28T was most closely related to the genus Pedobacter of the family Sphingobacteriaceae. The highest levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity were found with respect to Pedobacter alluvionis NWER-II11T (95.6 %) and Pedobacter terrae DS-57T (95.2 %). The DNA G+C content was 39.9 mol%, and MK-7 was the only respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and a sphingolipid. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). These chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data supported the allocation of strain R2-28T to the genus Pedobacter. Additionally, the results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain R2-28T from species of the genus Pedobacter with validly published names. Therefore, strain R2-28T represents a novel species within the genus Pedobacter, for which the name Pedobacter ardleyensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R2-28T ( = CCTCC AB 2013365T = LMG 28255T).A red-pigmented, non-motile, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium (R2-28T) was isolated from a soil sample collected from the Ardley Island, South Shetland Islands in Antarctica, and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. The organism grew optimally at 18 ℃ in TSB. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogenetic analyses, strain R2-28T was most closely related to the genus Pedobacter of the family Sphingobacteriaceae. The highest levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity were found with respect to Pedobacter alluvionis NWER-II11T (95.6 %) and Pedobacter terrae DS-57T (95.2 %). The DNA G+C content was 39.9 mol % and MK-7 was the only respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and a sphingolipid. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c). These chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data supported the allocation of strain R2-28T to the genus Pedobacter. Additionally, the results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain R2-28T with respect to Pedobacter species with validly published names. Therefore, strain R2-28T represents a novel species within the genus Pedobacter, for which the name Pedobacter ardleyensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R2-28T (= CCTCC AB 2013365T = LMG 28255T).

Terrimonas arctica sp. nov., isolated from Arctic tundra soil.

A novel, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated R9-86(T), was isolated from tundra soil collected near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway (78° N). Growth occurred at 4-28 °C (optimum, 22-25 °C) and at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0). Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain R9-86(T) belonged to the genus Terrimonas in the family Chitinophagaceae. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain R9-86(T) and the type strains of species of the genus Terrimonas with validly published names ranged from 93.7 to 95.0%. Strain R9-86(T) contained iso-C(15:1)-G (25.7%), iso-C(15:0) (24.5%), iso-C(17:0)-3OH (18.3%) and summed feature 3 (C(16:1)ω7c and/or C(16:1)ω6c, 8.7%) as its major cellular fatty acids; phosphatidylethanolamine and an unknown polar lipid as its main polar lipids, and MK-7 as its predominant respiratory quinone. The DNA G+C content was 48.4 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain R9-86(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Terrimonas, for which the name Terrimonas arctica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R9-86(T) ( =CCTCC AB 2011004(T) =NRRL B-59114(T)).

Parablastomonas arctica gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from high Arctic glacial till

A pale yellow, aerobic bacterium, strain M0-2(T), was isolated from a till sample. Its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and motile. Cells reproduced by budding or asymmetrical cell division. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain M0-2(T) belonged to the family Sphingomonadaceae and was closely related to species of the genera Novosphingobium (96.4-92.0%) and Blastomonas (94.6%), Sphingopyxis witflariensis W-50(T) (94.0%), Sphingosinicella soli KSL-125(T) (93.6%) and Sphingomonas astaxanthinifaciens TDMA-17(T) (93.5%). Ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) was the predominant respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (comprising C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c, 31.9%), summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c, 19.8%) and C14:0 2-OH (8.9%). Sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine were the major polar lipids. Spermidine was the major polyamine observed in the cell. The genomic DNA G+C content was 47.5 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic relationships and the low DNA G+C content compared with most other genera of the family Sphingomonadaceae, combined with phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain M0-2(T) is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus in the family Sphingomonadaceae for which the name Parablastomonas arctica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Parablastomonas arctica gen. nov., sp. nov. is M0-2(T) ( =CCTCC AB 2012968(T) = NRRL B-59110(T)).

Iodobacter limnosediminis sp. nov., isolated from Arctic lake sediment.

A Gram-reaction-negative, motile, non-violet-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated E1(T), was isolated from Arctic lake sediment. Growth occurred at 4 °C-28 °C (optimum, 18 °C), at pH 4-11(optimum, 9-10) and in the presence of 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl. The taxonomic position of E1(T) was analysed using a polyphasic approach. Strain E1(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value of 98.1 % with respect to the type strain of Iodobacter fluviatilis, but no more than 93 % with the type strains of other recognized species. A further DNA-DNA hybridization experiment was conducted, which demonstrated unambiguously that strain E1(T) was distinct from I. fluviatilis ATCC 33051(T) (51.3 % relatedness). The DNA G+C content of strain E1(T) was 52.3 mol%. Chemotaxonomic data [Q-8 as the monospecific respiratory quinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c, 56.1 %) and C16 : 0 (18.8 %) as the major cellular fatty acids] supported the affiliation of strain E1(T) to the genus Iodobacter. However, the results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain E1(T) from I. fluviatilis ATCC 33051(T). On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain E1(T) represents a novel species of genus Iodobacter, for which the name Iodobacter limnosediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is E1(T) ( = CCTCC AB 2010224(T) = NRRL B-59456(T)).

Pseudorhodobacter collinsensis sp. nov., isolated from a till sample of an icecap front.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motile strain, designated 4-T-34T, was isolated from a till sample of Collins icecap front, Antarctica, and its taxonomic position was investigated by genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analysis. The isolate grew at 4-30 °C (optimum 20-25 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 and with 0-1.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 4-T-34T belonged to the genus Pseudorhodobacter, with the closest relatives being Pseudorhodobacter wandonensis WT-MW11T (96.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Pseudorhodobacter antarcticus ZS3-33T (96.8 %), Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus IAM 12616T (96.5 %) and Pseudorhodobacter aquimaris HDW-19T (95.4 %). Strain 4-T-34T contained Q-10 as the only ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified aminophospholipids and two unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G+C content of strain 4-T-34T was 61 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data, strain 4-T-34T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pseudorhodobacter, for which the name Pseudorhodobacter collinsensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 4-T-34T ( = CCTCC AB 2014005T = LMG 28256T).