Werner Himstedt
University of Vienna
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Oecologia | 1971
Werner Himstedt
1. The locomotor activity of European salamanders differs from species to species. At all stages of development Triturus vulgaris is more light-active, Salamandra salamandra is dark-active, while Triturus alpestris and cristatus occupy an intermediate position. 2. The activity of the larvae is high but the rhythm is not very pronounced. Triturus larvae are less dark-active than adults (Fig. 2). 3. Periodism disappears completely during metamorphosis but after some weeks of terrestrial life a diurnal rhythm reappears (Fig. 3). 4. Adults of Triturus species show an increased activity during their aquatic life in spring: they are active by day and night, maxima occurring in twilight or darkness. 5. Terrestrial adults leave their hiding places only during twilight or darkness. Triturus vulgaris and alpestris display locomotor activity in twilight only whereas Triturus cristatus and Salamandra salamandra are also active in the dark (Figs. 5, 6).Summary1.The locomotor activity of European salamanders differs from species to species. At all stages of development Triturus vulgaris is more light-active, Salamandra salamandra is dark-active, while Triturus alpestris and cristatus occupy an intermediate position.2.The activity of the larvae is high but the rhythm is not very pronounced. Triturus larvae are less dark-active than adults (Fig. 2).3.Periodism disappears completely during metamorphosis but after some weeks of terrestrial life a diurnal rhythm reappears (Fig. 3).4.Adults of Triturus species show an increased activity during their aquatic life in spring: they are active by day and night, maxima occurring in twilight or darkness.5.Terrestrial adults leave their hiding places only during twilight or darkness. Triturus vulgaris and alpestris display locomotor activity in twilight only whereas Triturus cristatus and Salamandra salamandra are also active in the dark (Figs. 5, 6).Zusammenfassung1.Registrierungen der Bewegungsaktivität bei mitteleuropäischen Salamandriden ergaben artliche Unterschiede. In allen Entwicklungsstadient ist Triturus vulgaris am stärksten lichtaktiv, Salamandra salamandra am meisten dunkelaktiv, während Triturus alpestris und cristatus eine Zwischenstellung einnehmen.2.Bei den Larven ist die Aktivität hoch, eine Rhythmik aber nur schwach ausgebildet. Triturus-Larven sind weniger dunkelaktiv als die adulten Tiere.3.Während der Metamorphose verliert sich die Periodizität vollständig. Sie bildet sich erst nach mehreren Wochen des Landlebens wieder aus.4.Adulte Molche während des Wasseraufenthaltes im Frühjahr sind in den Licht- und Dunkelzeiten aktiv. Die Maxima liegen in der Dämmerung bzw. Dunkelheit. Aktivitätsmenge sowie das Verhältnis von Aktivitäts- zu Ruhezeiten sind höher als bei den Landmolchen.5.Adulte Landtiere verlassen ihre Verstecke nur während der Dämmerungs- und Dunkelzeiten. Die Bewegungsaktivität beschränkt sich bei Triturus vulgaris und alpestris auf die Dämmerung, bei Triturus cristatus und Salamandra salamandra tritt sie auch während der Dunkelheit auf.
Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology | 1972
Werner Himstedt
Summary1.Monochromatic prey dummies were used to test colour vision in Urodela.2.The frequency of prey-catching reaction changes, if there is an alternation in the intensity of grey contrasting to the coloured stimulus. For all species observed every offered combination of colour and grey released reactions.3.Salamandra salamandra, Triturus vulgaris, Triturus alpestris andTriturus cristatus consequently were able to discriminate between grey and any of the five colours which have the wavelengths 457, 518, 555, 584 and 635 nm.4.All species show significantly fewer reactions to light of 518 nm than to colours of shorter or longer wavelengths. Colour vision in Urodela apparently depends on cones which are sensitive to yellow and on green rods which are sensitive to blue.Zusammenfassung1.Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, durch Verwendung monochromatischer Beuteattrappen ein Farbensehen bei Urodelen nachzuweisen.2.Wird das zur farbigen Attrappe kontrastierende Grau in der Helligkeit verändert, so ändert sich die Häufigkeit der Beutefangreaktionen. Für alle untersuchten Arten ließ sich keine Farb-Grau-Kombination finden, auf die nicht reagiert wurde.3.Salamandra salamandra, Triturus vulgaris, Triturus alpestris undTriturus cristatus sind demnach in der Lage, die 5 untersuchten Wellenlängen 457, 518, 555, 584 und 635 nm von Grau zu unterscheiden.4.Alle Arten zeigten auf grüne Attrappen von 518 nm signifikant weniger Reaktionen als auf Farben aus dem kurz- und langwelligen Teil des Spektrums. Es wird vermutet, daß das Farbensehen der Urodelen auf dem Zusammenwirken gelbempfindlicher Zapfen und blauempfindlicher „grüner Stäbchen” beruht.
Oecologia | 1970
Rudolf Machan; Werner Himstedt
SummaryCapacitance sensing devices are useful for ecological and ethological studies (Zucker et al., 1968). If the location and activity of small animals (e.g. newts) is to be recorded, problems arise due to the very small changes in capacitance that must be detected reliably. By using a special bridge circuit (Fig. 2) an extremely sensitive detector can be constructed. With the output voltage and frequency of the RF-generator kept constant, the RF-current is determined only by the capacitance of the two sensors C1 and C2. This current is rectified by the transistors T1 and T2 and the difference is detected by a Schmitt trigger. Outside influences that affect both sensors in the same way will thus be eliminated, resulting in excellent long-time stability and sensitivity of the device.The sensors simply consist of copper foils, about 1 cm apart, glued onto an insulating, flat surface. A glass with the animal is placed on these sesors and no further connection is necessary. The change in capacitance is generated by the animals building a capacitance bridge over the space between the foils. By a suitable arrangement of foils and spaces (Fig. 3), any desired information can be obtained concerning activity, time of entering and leaving the hiding place, etc.Newts and salamanders need a damp atmosphere. It was found that a moist paper on the bottom of the container will increase the sensitivity if its degree of humidity be kept constant.Capacitance sensing devices are useful for ecological and ethological studies (Zucker et al., 1968). If the location and activity of small animals (e.g. newts) is to be recorded, problems arise due to the very small changes in capacitance that must be detected reliably. By using a special bridge circuit (Fig. 2) an extremely sensitive detector can be constructed. With the output voltage and frequency of the RF-generator kept constant, the RF-current is determined only by the capacitance of the two sensors C1 and C2. This current is rectified by the transistors T1 and T2 and the difference is detected by a Schmitt trigger. Outside influences that affect both sensors in the same way will thus be eliminated, resulting in excellent long-time stability and sensitivity of the device.The sensors simply consist of copper foils, about 1 cm apart, glued onto an insulating, flat surface. A glass with the animal is placed on these sesors and no further connection is necessary. The change in capacitance is generated by the animals building a capacitance bridge over the space between the foils. By a suitable arrangement of foils and spaces (Fig. 3), any desired information can be obtained concerning activity, time of entering and leaving the hiding place, etc.Newts and salamanders need a damp atmosphere. It was found that a moist paper on the bottom of the container will increase the sensitivity if its degree of humidity be kept constant.
Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology | 1969
Werner Himstedt
SummaryFeeding reactions of Triturus vulgaris and Salamandra salamandra on light-spot-dummies were investigated.1.Feeding behaviour is released not only by a moving light spot, but also by a stationary spot when it is flickering rhythmically.2.The releasing value of flickering dummies depends on flicker frequency. Most reactions appear between 2 and 10 light stimuli per second. Frequencies of 0 and 14/sec do not release any answer. (Fig. 2)3.Flicker stimuli, even of optimal frequency, do not release as many reactions as moving stimuli. The releasing mechanism of the last feeding reactions is more specific than that of the first reactions (Fig. 3).4.After metamorphosis the responsiveness to flicker light decreases. In Salamandra salamandra this is more distinct than in Triturus vulgaris (Fig. 4).5.It is supposed that movement detecting neurons in the retina which are simultaneous on-off-units, are responsible for the releasing of the reactions observed. Filtering of stimuli in the retina do not suffice to explain the results. Central mechanisms must be supposed, which work up the informations coming from the retina.ZusammenfassungEs wurden die Beutefangreaktionen von Triturus vulgaris und Salamandra salamandra auf Lichtattrappen untersucht.1.Beutefangverhalten wird nicht nur durch sich bewegende Lichtflecken ausgelöst, sondern auch durch einen ruhenden Lichtfleck, wenn er rhythmisch aufleuchtet.2.Der Reizwert der Flimmerattrappe hängt von der Flimmerfrequenz ab. Zwischen 2 und 10 Lichtreizen/sec treten maximale Reaktionen auf, Frequenzen von 0 und 14/sec oder mehr werden nicht beantwortet (Abb. 2).3.Auch ein optimaler Flimmerreiz löst nicht so häufig aus wie ein Bewegungsreiz. Der Auslösemechanismus für die letzten Beutefanghandlungen ist dabei spezifischer als für die ersten Handlungen (Abb. 3).4.Nach der Metamorphose sinkt die Antwortbereitschaft auf das Flimmerlicht. Das ist bei Salamandra salamandra ausgeprägter als bei Triturus vulgaris (Abb. 4).5.Es wird vermutet, daß bewegungsspezifische Netzhautneurone, die zugleich on-off-Neurone sind, für die Auslösung der beobachteten Reaktionen verantwortlich sind. Die Reizfilterung in der Retina genügt aber nicht, um die Versuchsergebnisse zu erklären. Es müssen zentrale Mechanismen angenommen werden, die die Informationen aus der Retina weiterverarbeiten.
Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology | 1973
Werner Himstedt
SummarySpectral sensitivity of dark adapted eyes from aquatic and terrestrial animals ofTriturus alpestris was determined using the ERG. Spectral sensitivity changes with transition in a different habitat during metamorphosis and in adult animals in a seasonal course. In aquatic animals (larvae and adults in spring) data agree with the absorption curve for porphyropsin P 5232. In juvenile and adult terrestrial animals in autumn data fit the absorption curve for rhodopsin P 5021.
Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology | 1970
Werner Himstedt
Summary1.In the ERG ofSalamandra salamandra the negative a-wave after light-on and the positive d-wave after light-off are rather low. In responses of adult eyes they are prominent only during light adaptation and at high stimulus intensities (Fig.1).2.In the ERG ofSalamandra larvae a- and d-wave are entirely absent. Neither high stimulus intensity nor long stimulus duration does generate any off-effect (Fig.2 and 3).3.The adult ERG develops very late and is not yet completed 10 weeks after metamorphosis (Fig.4).4.Possibly the larval ERG demonstrates an adaptation to nocturnal vision. Recording the locomotor rhythm, larvae show more nocturnal activity than adults.Zusammenfassung1.Im ERG des Feuersalamanders sind die negative a-Welle nach Beginn des Lichtreizes und die positive d-Welle nach Reizende relativ schwach ausgebildet. In der Antwort des adulten Auges treten sie nur bei Helladaptation und hohen Reizintensitäten deutlich hervor (Abb.1).2.Dem ERG der Salamanderlarve fehlen a- und d-Welle völlig. Weder hohe Reizintensität noch lange Reizdauer rufen einen off-Effekt hervor (Abb.2 und 3).3.Die Entwicklung zum Adult-ERG erfolgt erst sehr spät und ist 10 Wochen nach der Metamorphose noch nicht abgeschlossen (Abb.4).4.Möglicherweise ist das Larven-ERG Ausdruck einer stärkeren Anpassung an ein Nachtsehen. Aktivitätsregistrierungen zeigen eine höhere Nachtaktivität vor der Metamorphose (Abb.5).
Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology | 1973
Werner Himstedt
Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology | 1973
Werner Himstedt
Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology | 1972
Werner Himstedt
Oecologia | 1971
Werner Himstedt