Werônica Meira de Souza

Análise de Detecção de Variabilidades Climáticas com Base na Precipitação nas Bacias Hidrográficas do Sertão de Pernambuco (Analysis of Climate Variability Detection Based on Watershed Precipitation in the Sertão of Pernambuco)

Os padroes climaticos estao mudando em todo planeta e preve-se, como impacto das mudancas climaticas, a alteracao na frequencia da precipitacao e secas mais intensas e prolongadas, particularmente em areas aridas e semiaridas. Desta forma, estudar a vulnerabilidade e os impactos da potencial modificacao climatica sobre os recursos hidricos no Nordeste do Brasil e um assunto estrategico para o pais, a fim de planejar medidas mitigadoras em associacao com as acoes existentes de gerenciamento dos recursos hidricos. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo aborda a questao das tendencias de mudancas climaticas no semiarido nordestino, sertao de Pernambuco, com recorte espacial das bacias dos rios Brigida e Pajeu. Foram analisadas series historicas de precipitacao pluviometrica de 19 postos, espacialmente distribuidos na area das bacias, no periodo de 1964 a 2004. . O software utilizado para o processamento e controle de qualidade dos dados foi o RClimdex (2.11.1). Os resultados mostraram mudanca no padrao de precipitacao sobre as bacias em estudo, que evidenciaram a diminuicao da precipitacao total anual e aumento dos dias secos consecutivos, colaborando, dessa forma, para a escassez hidrica e impactos na agricultura local. Palavras-chave: Precipitacao pluviometrica, RClimdex, bacia hidrografica, agricultura. Analysis of Climate Variability Detection Based on Watershed Precipitation in the Sertao of Pernambuco ABSTRACT The weather patterns are changing all over the planet and it is expected, as the impact of climate change, the change in frequency of precipitation and more intense and prolonged drought, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Thus, to study the vulnerability and the potential impacts of climate change on water resources in northeastern Brazil is a strategic issue for the country, to plan potential mitigation measures in combination with the existing shares management of water resources. In this context, this paper addresses the issue of climate change trends in the semiarid northeast, interior of Pernambuco, with spatial area of river basins and Bridget Pajeu. We analyzed time series of rainfall of 19 stations spatially distributed in the basin in the period 1964 to 2004. . The software used for processing and quality control data was RClimdex (2.11.1). The results showed changes in the pattern of precipitation over the basins under study, which demonstrated a decrease in annual rainfall and an increase of consecutive dry days, contributing thus to the water scarcity and impacts on local agriculture. Keywords: Rainfall, RClimdex, hidrographic basin, agriculture.

Integrated hydro- and wind power generation: a game changer towards environmental flow in the Sub-middle and Lower São Francisco River Basin?

Many renewable resources for the generation of electricity, such as hydropower and wind power, are dependent on climatic factors. Reservoirs have been created to overcome the stochastic nature of river flows and to make water supply more reliable. However, reservoirs are affecting the ecological status of river ecosystems, e.g., by modifying the flow regime, triggering discussions regarding the discharge of reservoirs. In Brazil’s northeast region, the installed capacity for wind power generation has increased substantially in recent years. Setting up a modeling system for simulating wind power and hydropower generation in this study, it is analyzed whether wind power generation, peaking in the dry season, can help to achieve a more environmentally oriented flow regime in the Sub-middle and Lower São Francisco River Basin. Simulated higher discharges from reservoirs during the rainy season and lower discharges during the dry season, representing a more natural flow regime, will reduce hydropower generation in the dry season. Under recent conditions, the resulting gap in electricity generation can only be partially covered by wind power. A large share needs to be generated by thermal power plants or be imported from other regions in Brazil. The planned future increase in installed wind power capacity can change this picture; the demand for electricity generated by thermal power plants and imported will decrease. Adopting an integrated approach for hydropower and wind power generation, the flow regime in the Sub-middle and Lower São Francisco River Basin can be modified to improve the ecological status of the river system.

Análise climática da precipitação no submédio da bacia do Rio São Francisco com base no índice de anomalia de chuva

The semi‐arid Northeast Brazil is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate changes, being necessary tools for monitoring the dry and rainy seasons in the region, as aid in the management of water resources, as supply of cities and irrigation projects. This work aimed to analyze the space‐temporal variability of climate rainfall and characterize the dry and wet periods in the lower‐middle stretch of the São Francisco River basin. Total annual precipitation of 36 stations spatially distributed rainfall in the study area was used during the period from 1964 to 2014, provided by Pernambuco Agency for Waters and Climate and the National Water Agency. We used the technique of rain anomaly index (IAC) to determine the dry and wet periods. It’s possible to observe the variation of dry and wet years in the region over the study period, as well as its intensity. The results showed a downward trend in rainfall totals, which became more frequent from the 1980s, featuring a turning point between the first and second half of the series, predominantly dry years.

Avaliação do estágio de regeneração do bioma caatinga na microrregião do Araripe, com sensoriamento remoto (Biome regeneration stage evaluation Caatinga in the micro region of Araripe, with remote sensing)

A degradacao das terras em ambientes secos e um processo em que condicoes indesejaveis surge devido a causas naturais e humanas. A seca e uma condicao climatica grave que afeta quase todas as zonas climaticas em todo o mundo, como as regioes semi-aridas sao especialmente suscetiveis a condicoes de seca por causa de sua precipitacao anual baixa elas possuem uma alta sensibilidade as mudancas climaticas. Este estudo utiliza imagens de satelite para avaliar a variacao na cobertura vegetal no semiarido de Pernambuco-Brasil. Neste estudo foi utilizado imagens do satelite Landsat 5 para tres anos 1998, 2006 e 2011. Foram analisadas as caracteristicas espectrais da vegetacao nesses tres anos, utilizando o NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), a classificacao supervisionada e dados de chuva. Foi determinado o balanco hidrico para estes anos. Foi obtido que o valor do NDVI depende da quantidade de chuva armazenada no solo. Conclui-se que e importante avaliar a intensidade da chuva no periodo chuvoso e relacionar com a cobertura vegetal do periodo seco. Assim, a cobertura vegetal do periodo seco e dependente da intensidade da chuva no periodo chuvoso. Land degradation in dry environments is a process in which undesirable conditions arise due to natural and human causes. Drought is a severe weather condition that affects almost all climate zones around the world, such as semi-arid regions are especially susceptible to drought conditions because of its low annual rainfall they have a high sensitivity to climate change. This study uses satellite images to assess the variation in vegetation cover in semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil. This study used the Landsat 5 satellite images to three years 1998, 2006 and 2011. the spectral characteristics of vegetation were analyzed in these three years, using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), the supervised classification and rainfall data. It was determined the water balance for these years. It was obtained that the value of NDVI depends on the quantity of rainfall stored in the soil. In conclusion, it is important to evaluate the intensity of rain in the rainy season and relate to the vegetation cover of the dry period. Thus, the vegetation cover of the dry period is dependent on the rain intensity in the rainy season. Keywords: Vegetable cover, rainfall intensity, water balance, NDVI.

Influence of oceanic-atmospheric interactions on extreme events of daily rainfall in the Sub-basin 39 located in Northeastern Brazil

Changes in extreme precipitation have been observed in regions where frequent rainfalls occur over short periods of time followed by prolonged droughts, creating, as a result, new watershed scenarios. Recent studies have attributed such occurrences to possible climate changes. This paper analyzes the correlation between extreme events recorded in the Sub-basin 39, located in Northeastern Brazil, and the anomalies caused by sea surface temperature - SST and the atmospheric systems operating in the region. Pearson correlation coefficients have been used combined with the variables analyzed. For such, trends in precipitation have been obtained by using the method of least squares together with linear regression and the Students t test. The results obtained have demonstrated that due to the geographical position of the region investigated, both maximum extreme events (areas with positive trends) and minimum extreme events (areas with negative trends) are more dependent on the Dipole Atlantic than on the effects of El Nino Southern Oscillation - ENOS.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND RAINFALL VARIABILITY IN THE CITY OF CAMPINA GRANDE-PB: ANALYSIS FROM HISTORICAL SERIES OF PRECIPITATION

Currently, the climate changes have generated many discussions, constituting one of the major concerns with regard to their effects. Several are the impacts arising from climate change, whether in social, economic and environmental context. Some climate models have shown trends of reduction of rains to the northeast in the wettest months, which could increase the frequency and intensity of droughts and reduce the availability of water resources. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the trends and variability of climatological precipitation series in the city of Campina Grande-PB, using daily series of pluvial precipitation over a period of 50 years. The statistical analysis and the preparation of the graphics were made with the ClimAp Software, which have been assessed the extremes of precipitation (days with rainfall ≥ 1 mm; days with rainfall ≥ 10 mm; days with rainfall ≥ 20 mm); Per95p and Pr99p (number of days with precipitation ≥ 95% and the 99%) of significant rainfall, highest rainfall in 1 day rain, annual total and its standardized deviation, monthly and quarterly averages of precipitation, annual total-linear regression, and sequential Mann-Kendall test. Through this research was possible to conclude that the city of Campina Grande presents annual distributions of irregular precipitation, with a slight increase in year-to-year variability, but without statistical significance.

Temporal variability of rainfall and environmental vulnerability of the northern part of the zona da mata and metropolitan region of Pernambuco

Climate variabilities cause significant interference on human activities, hence the relevance of studies that relate the climate variability and environmental vulnerability. This paper aimed at analyzing the climatology of precipitation in the cities of Itambé and Recife (Pernambuco), identifying extreme events of precipitation and occurrences that impacted the socioeconomic conditions. As methodological procedures, sought daily rainfall data for the period between 1963 and 2014 for the cities of Itambé and Recife and then used the CLIMAP Version 1.1 application for processing. It was found that for the city of Itambé the highest recorded rainfall was 182 mm in 2011, 173 mm in 1978 and 168.2 mm in 1970 for the period of study. In Recife, the year of 1970 presented the biggest rainfall event, which was of 335.8 mm, followed by the year of 1986 with 235 mm and 185.9 mm accumulated in 2000. In the analysis of rainfall data of both municipalities, it was noticed the lack of trend, statistically significant, of modification in the historical series, with no decrease or increase trend. Recife, where population density is higher and there is a large number of people living in areas of elevated environmental vulnerability, must be taken up for study in order to find alternatives to minimize the problems experienced by the population during extreme precipitation events. Those relating to Itambé works should be maximized, given the scarcity of results, in order to have a greater input of scientific information about it.

Desenvolvimento e políticas públicas em unidades de produção de farinha da mandioca

As casas de farinha sao empreendimentos que realizam o beneficiamento da mandioca para producao da farinha. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar os impactos ambientais nas casas de farinha, destacando a ausencia de politicas publicas em casas de farinha no Municipio de Lajedo no Agreste do Estado de Pernambuco. Foram pesquisadas dezessete casas de farinha que se encontravam em funcionamento no periodo de investigacao que ocorreu no mes de fevereiro de 2015. A metodologia contemplada envolveu as seguintes etapas: o levantamento bibliografico, caracterizacao da area de estudo, interpretacao de dados cartograficos, registro fotografico, gravacoes de audio e uso do receptor GPS para coleta da coordenada geografica de cada casa de farinha. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto aos proprietarios das casas de farinha. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que apenas uma casa de farinha possui licenca ambiental. Os principais impactos socioeconomicos e ambientais foram: poluicao atmosferica, geracao de manipueira, uso da lenha como matriz energetica, falta de higiene, insalubridade, exposicao a riscos fisicos, geracao de residuos solidos, longa jornada de trabalho, baixa remuneracao e escolaridade dos trabalhadores. A falta de politicas publicas foi destacada pelos entrevistados como principal motivo para o entrave do desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva da mandioca e seus derivados.

Climate change and migration: reflections on the northeastern offsets and haitians in the brazilian territory

The human displacements are caused by social, political, economic factors and the environment. People leave their territories of origin in search of better living conditions, taking refuge from wars and natural disasters, among other reasons. The forecasts of renowned scholars attest to the ongoing climate changes will bring in serious problems for the environment and for society, especially for the most vulnerable populations, tending to generate migration. In this context, there are some questions: How climate changes are affecting the lives of these people? What is the difference between environmental migrants and refugees? What is meant by migration stimulated by climate in Brasil? What are the legal bases built to ensure the survival of these people?This article, by means of a literature review sought to examine the relationship between climate change and migration on the theoretical confrontation of two cases: the shift that occurs in the Semi-arid Northeast for decades and the arrival of haitians in Acre state from 2010. It was noted that the social problems faced by vulnerable populations will be exacerbated with climate change, affecting their health, employment and income. With the degradation of the environment from climate change and anthropogenic actions, there will be increase in periods of drought and desertification, reduction of agriculture and livestock, family migration. In addition, legislation and public policies aimed at tackling these complex issues need to be improved.