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INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE CYTOCHEMISTRY

Inevitably, reading is one of the requirements to be undergone. To improve the performance and quality, someone needs to have something new every day. It will suggest you to have more inspirations, then. However, the needs of inspirations will make you searching for some sources. Even from the other people experience, internet, and many books. Books and internet are the recommended media to help you improving your quality and performance.

A twenty-five-year follow-up study of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy.

Abstract To assess the long-term effects of diethylstilbestrol we conducted a health survey among 693 mothers who had taken the drug during pregnancy and a comparable group of 668 who had not. These women had participated in a study during 1951–52 to evaluate the drug. There were 32 (4.6 per cent) breast cancers among the 693 exposed and 21 (3.1 per cent) among the 668 unexposed, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.16). No statistically significant differences occurred between the groups in any of the other categories of disease. The occurrence of breast cancer in both groups was compared to the Connecticut State Tumor Registry for 1963–65. Compared to the registry data, a significantly (P<0.01) higher incidence of breast cancer occurred in both the exposed and unexposed groups at ages over 50. The reason for this increase is not known, but effects linked to the selection of mothers participating in the original clinical study cannot be excluded. (N Engl J Med 298:763–767, 1978)

The role of transrectal aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer.

We reviewed our experience with transrectal aspiration biopsy during an 18-month period. This procedure was the sole technique used in 75 men and prostatic cancer was diagnosed in 19. Two of these patients were not treated because a core biopsy performed at another hospital was negative for carcinoma. Aspiration and transperineal core biopsies were performed in 62 other cases. The sensitivity of aspiration to diagnose prostatic cancer was 98 per cent (45 of 46 biopsies) compared to only 81 per cent (37 of 46) for the core biopsy method. No patient suffered a complication following the aspiration biopsy. These data further support the value of transrectal aspiration biopsy as a sensitive, easy to perform method for sampling an abnormal prostate. More widespread use of this technique in the United States should be encouraged.

Serum proteins in cervical mucus

Abstract The occurrence of serum proteins in human cervical mucus was investigated in 41 cases using immunoelectrophoresis. Albumin, transferrin, and gamma globulin were always found in specimens from normal women, and in more than half of the cases alpha 1 antitrypsin and prealbumin were present. There were no significant differences between specimens from the eighth to the thirteenth day, from the fifteenth to the eighteenth day, or from the twenty-first to the twenty-eighth day of the menstrual cycle. The pattern of the cervical mucus from women taking Enovid as an oral contraceptive showed only slight differences: One alpha 2 globulin line was observed addition-ally in a number of cases. There was no indication of a change in the immunoelectrophoretic pattern of the cervical mucus from a surgical castrate under hormonal treatment, whereas the cytologic patterns showed typical changes. Unlike the group of normal women and those under Enovid treatment, the benzidine reaction, indicating the presence of haptoglobin, was positive in most of the cases with local pathologic changes. In cases of cervical erosion, cervicitis, or pelvic inflammatory diseases a higher number of precipitin lines was disclosed in conjunction with a remarkable increase in leukocytes. The limits of the methods are thoroughly discussed together with the significance of the findings.

Transrectal Aspiration Biopsy Versus Transperineal Core Biopsy for the Diagnosis of Carcinoma of the Prostate

Transrectal aspiration and transperineal core biopsies were performed on 38 patients with suspicious prostatic examinations. The false negative rate was 14 per cent by the core method but no cancer was missed by the aspiration technique. There was insufficient material for diagnosis in 14 per cent of the biopsies obtained by the core technique but in only 3 per cent with the aspiration biopsy method. Malignant cells were confirmed by cytology in 1 patient who had had 2 normal core biopsies. The cytological grade was only moderately consistent with the Gleason sum. No complications developed after either procedure. Transrectal aspiration biopsy offers several advantages over conventional biopsy methods and should be used regularly to diagnose abnormalities of the prostate.

OBJECTIVE CELL IMAGE ANALYSIS

A system of computer programs processes digitized images of cells. The gray value arrays are considered as a two-dimensionally extended stochastic process. Supervised learning is employed to estimate the parameters of this process in different cell types, to derive classification algorithms and to compute a likelihood for correct classification for each cell. These were found to range from 10:1 to 106:1 for tumor cells from the female genital tract. A data bank for tumor cells has been established. Nonsupervised learning algorithms are used to examine sets of cells for homogeneity. Synthesized cell images of known stochastic properties can be generated to test the completeness of the derived classification rules. Under development are programs defining the changes observable in images of a given cell type during a disease process, by the deformation of the covariance matrix of image properties.

Computer analysis and biomedical interpretation of microscopic images: Current problems and future directions

Automated analysis and recognition of microscopic images of cells and tissue sections is undergoing active development. With regard to cells, the problems posed by samples of white and red blood cells presented in a monocellular layer are well under control, and automated laboratory devices are in the clinical testing stage. The analysis of white blood cell populations offers good promise in immunologic, radiation biologic, and experimental chemotherapeutic research. The situation encountered in prescreening for cervical cancer in Papanicolaou-stained gynecologic samples calls for significantly more stringent cell recognition and sample size requirements. Methods based on high-resolution digitized imagery appear currently to be the only approach with the required discriminatory power; they may evolve as practical devices, however, only when special computers with fully parallel processing capabilities are available. As applied to tissue sections, the complexity of the scene-segmentation, analysis, and classification problems has generally restricted research work to the area of feature extraction and to the determination of descriptive stereologic parameters. Processors are needed with an architecture more compatible with the two-dimensional information of pictorial data and with suitable operating systems. The field of microscopic image analysis demands competence in a wide range of disciplines, from the practical clinical situation to optics, electrooptical devices, digital logic design, computer architecture, software engineering, multivariate statistics, and decision theory. A truly interdisciplinary research team is difficult to form and maintain, but is rewarding: It is only in such close cooperation that one discovers such research needs as the fact that most of the basic applied mathematical tools for what the clinician really wants to know have not yet been developed.

Nuclear DNA in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with a differentiated component

Fifteen cases of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, including eight cases with a differentiated component, were studied by DNA analysis. All areas of anaplastic carcinoma showed an aneuploid DNA content. The eight cases of anaplastic carcinoma with differentiated component (two follicular carcinomas, two papillary carcinomas, one Hürthle cell carcinoma and three poorly differentiated carcinomas) exhibited aneuploid DNA content in the differentiated area of the tumour. Karyometric parameters allowed a fairly clear separation between giant cell, spindle cell and differentiated components. The results support the hypothesis that patients with aneuploid differentiated carcinoma represent a higher risk group and are probably more prone to developing anaplastic carcinoma.

EVALUATION OF CORRELATIONAL INFORMATION IN DIGITIZED CELL IMAGES

The processing of digitized cell images by computer may yield information not only about a set of cell image properties but also about their mutual dependencies. Observation of the covariance matrix of image properties of cellular material showing a response to chemotherapeutic treatment, ionizing radiation or antigenic challenge or following a developmental trend may permit a quantitative description of small trendal charges The covariance between certain cell image properties may show statistically significant changes before the mean values of the image properties are affected. Methods of reducing the dimensionality of the representation in an efficient manner are described.

Computer-Based Diagnostic Analysis of Cells in the Urinary Sediment

Evaluation of images of cells from the urinary sediment by a computer-based microscope has yielded important preliminary results. Computer identification of benign and malignant urothelial cells can now be accomplished with a small margin of error. Furthermore, 2 categories of atypical urothelial cells can be identified. This information has been applied successfully to the study of 12 patients with bladder cancer, including 3 with non-papillary carcinoma in situ. Computer-generated diagnostic profiles based on a relatively modest number of urothelial cells (60 to 150 per patient) proved to be of diagnostic value. It is anticipated that within a few years a practical computerized system of identification of cells in the urinary sediment can be made available for general laboratory use.