Wiley C. Rasbury

Cognitive functioning of children with end-stage renal disease before and after successful transplantation

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Behavioral treatment of selective mutism: A case report

Abstract This case report describes an in vivo desensitization program designed to reinstate normal verbal communication in an 11-yr-old girl who was selectively mute for approximately 6 yr. Contrary to traditional desensitization therapy, the procedure discussed below was conducted within the context of the patients everyday environment, and utilized the emotional effects of positive reinforcement as the postulated reciprocal inhibitor of fear.

Relations of Scores on WPPSI and WISC-R at a One-Year Interval.

This study was designed to provide information regarding the relationship between the WPPSI and the WISC-R, over a 1-yr. interval, for a sample of middle-class children of above average intelligence. There were 47 males and 43 females who were an average of 5.6 yr. at the time of first testing and 6.5 yr. at the time of second testing. The data, analyzed by a linear regression analysis, showed that the WISC-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs could be predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy, i.e., standard errors of estimate: Verbal IQ = 8.86, Performance IQ = 8.15, Full Scale IQ = 7.14. The results were discussed in terms of the degree of similarity between cognitive skills measured by the two tests and the clinical utility of such information.

Cognitive Performance of Children with Renal Disease

Children (N = 14) with End Stage Renal Disease were compared pre- and post-hemodialysis session on measures of attention, problem solving and learning with 14 control subjects. In contrast to the findings for adult patients no significant differences were found between the End Stage Renal Disease and control subjects on any of the cognitive tasks employed nor were there any significant differences pre- to post-dialysis session for the group. The results were discussed in terms of the general efficiency of the hemodialysis regimen employed and other factors which might affect performance of these ill children.

Ear asymmetries on a selective attentional task

Abstract To ascertain whether there are ear-hemisphere asymmetries of selective attention, signal stimuli (tonal sequences) were presented monaurally with and without complex maskers (music and speech). The right ear-left hemisphere was more disrupted by language maskers; the left ear-right hemisphere was more disrupted by music maskers. These results suggest that there are hemispheric asymmetries of selective attention and that the ear hemisphere that usually processes a class of stimuli has greater difficulty filtering out those stimuli than does the nonspecialized hemisphere.

The Development of Auditory Figure‐ground Discrimination and Ear Asymmetry Under Monaural Stimulus Presentation

The development of auditory word discrimination ability in normal male children has been investigated. 56 school‐children (14 from kindergarten and 14 each from second, fourth and sixth grades) were asked to discriminate 50 single‐syllable words presented against four levels of background noise (0, +10, +20, and +30). Age, noise level, and ear were all significantly related to auditory word discrimination scores. The results of the study show that with increasing age there is increased ability to discriminate words in the presence of noise. However, although the older the child the greater his ability to discriminate, a far greater effect than age on discrimination is the signal‐to‐noise treatment level, a finding which suggests that knowledge of the treatment condition may be a better predictor of auditory discrimination scores than a childs age. An additional finding was a general right‐ear superiority in the presence of noise, most consistently found under the 0 signal/noise condition for children in kindergarten and in second and fourth grades.

Immediate recall of sentences plus digits: a new approach.

Subjects were asked to recall sentences followed by random strings of digits. Presentation was auditory, recall was spoken and the format followed the Wechsler digit retention sub-test. Consideration of the number of digits correctly recalled following correct recall of the sentence indicated that (a) simple active affirmative declarative sentences reduced the average digits recalled by 2, (b) passivization did not significantly increase this reduction while (c) adding clauses did. Consideration of the serial position of digit recall errors indicated that the sentences and digits were disjoint in memory. Analysis of errors in sentence recall suggested that detransforming occurs in immediate recall tasks and that reversibility was a factor in correct recall.

A Yudin-type short form of the WISC-R: two aspects of validation.

Provided validity data for a Yudin-type short form of the WISC-R for N equal to 70 middle-class children (34 males and 36 females, X age equal to 7.6 years, SD equal to 2.58 months) of above-average intelligence (means: VIQ equal to 115.55, PIQ equal to 122.27, FIQ equal to 121.02). Short- to long-form validity coefficients were all above .90 for Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores. Highly similar predictive validity coefficients were found for the short and long forms of the WISC-R when compared with the Metropolitan Achievement and Otis Lennon Mental Ability tests. In contrast, little support was found for the validity of the short-form profile data as assessed by Cattells rp coefficient of profile similarity.

PRE- AND POSTDIALYSIS SESSION PERFORMANCE OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE PATIENTS ON COGNITIVE TASKS

Chronic Renal Failure (CRF), like many serious maladies, can interfere with a childs ability to learn. Although some information is available on adults, a review of the literature has revealed little information on children and adolescents. This study which is part of a longitudinal research project, examined the pre- and postdialysis session performance of (N-11) CRF patients on tasks of attention, learning, and problem solving. Contrary to findings with adults, essentially no differences were found between pre- and postdialysis session performance. Slight but no statistically significant performance gains were found between first vs. second test administration of each cognitive measure. The results were discussed in terms of the methodological problems and relevance of conducting research on children and adolescents with CRF, and the implementation of a long-term research program designed to collect cognitive data on such patients over the initial diagnosis, dialysis, and post-transplant periods.