William D. Gude

Giemsa staining of autoradiograms prepared with stripping film.

A method is described in which sections or smears of animal tissue are covered with stripping film, exposed and developed for autoradiograms, and stained with modified Giemsa through the film. Results are consistently satisfactory.

Relationship of pathology to scolex morphology among Caryophyllid cestodes

SummaryThe comparative pathology as related to modes of attachment and scolex morphology of the following 15 species of caryophyllid cestodes was studied: Caryophyllaeus laticeps, Monobothrium ingens, M. hunteri, M. ulmeri, Glaridacris catostomi, G. confusus, Biacetabulum infrequens, B. biloculoides, B. carpiodi, Hunterella nodulosa, Isoglaridacris folius, Khawia iowensis, Atractolytocestus huronensis, Capingens singularis and Spartoides wardi. Species with specialized holdfasts having loculi, bothria, or acetabula elicit little or no pathology; on the other hand, those with a terminal introvert, weakly developed loculi, or lacking specialized structures elicit pronounced host reactions in the form of nodules or shallow ulcers. Species with similar types of scolexes appear to attach in similar ways. An interface layer, apparently mucoid in nature as shown by histochemical tests, is often present between host and parasite of some species. Distribution in the intestine, multiple infections, and niche width as related to scolex morphology are discussed. Photomicrographs of species in situ, of pathology, and drawings of scolex types supplement the observations.

Peroxidase staining combined with autoradiography for study of eosinophilic granules.

Giemsa staining and a peroxidase reaction were applied to blood films in conjunction with autoradiography to establish the types of granulocytes that stain differentially with the benzidine-peroxidase reaction. Differential counts made on Ciemsa-stained and peroxidase-stained autoradiograms were compared. In T. spiralis-infected rats with an elevated eosinophil count, as judged by Giemsa staining, the percentage of granulocytes that stained more intensely with peroxidase was increased. The results suggested that the eosinophils were the intensely peroxidase-positive cells. Blood smears were stained for peroxidase before being coated with NTB2 liquid emulsion. Although the blue color of the peroxidase reaction faded during photographic development, the color redeveloped when peroxidase-stained autoradiograms were stained once again after photographic development. It was found necessary to stain for peroxidase both before and after autoradiography. The correlation of Giemsa-stained and peroxidase-stained au...

Modification of Radiation-induced Intestinal Injury in Rats by Chilling after Irradiation

SummaryChilling of the small intestine of the rat immediately after x-irradiation postponed depression of the mitotic count and degeneration of the crypt cells. Mitotic depression and cellular degeneration occurred, however, when the tissue was re-warmed. The effects of transient chilling at 18°c were essentially identical to those of chilling at 5°c. The inhibition of colchicine-induced metaphase arrest and of tritiated thymidine uptake in chilled crypt cells suggests that postponement of the signs of radiation injury resulted from suppression of metabolic activity and cell division at low temperature. Although there was some suggestion of reduced injury in the chilled tissues, the protective or recovery-promoting effectiveness of hypothermia remains to be established.

Bone, Cartilage, Fat

There are two kinds of ossification, endochondral and membranous, implying the presence or absence of a prior cartilaginous model. In both processes bone is formed by osteoblasts, which originate from mesenchyme. Osteoblasts are spindleshaped to columnar cells with an eccentric nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm. They congregate on surfaces and lay down the organic matrix (osteoid), which then becomes mineralized. When the osteoblasts become trapped in small spaces (lacunae) within this osteoid, they are called osteocytes.

Special Sense Organs

The ear may be divided into three parts: external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The pinna and external auditory meatus comprise the external ear. The middle ear consists of the tympanic membrane, bony ossicles, and the auditory or eustachian tube, connecting the ear with the oropharynx. Included in the inner ear are the bony labyrinth and spiral cochlea, which contains the organ of Corti.