William E. Palm

Epoxy resins from fats. I. Epoxidized glycerides cured with phthalic anhydride

Summary and ConclusionEpoxy resins were made from phthalic anhydride and the following expoxidized fatty glycerides: neats-foot oil, lard oil, triolein, soybean oil, perilla oil, and trilinolein. Some physical properties of these resins were measured and tabulated.It has been shown that heat-distortion temperature, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity increase with the unsaturation of the glyceride precursor of the epoxy intermediate.

Esters of hydroxystearic acids as primary low-temperature plasticizers for a vinyl chloride—Vinyl acetate copolymer

SummaryThirty-one acyloxy or aryloxy esters prepared from hydroxystearic acids have been evaluated as plasticizers for a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer (95∶5). Many of them were found to be primary plasticizers, having outstanding low-temperature performance when employed at the 35% level. Formulations with these compounds compared quite favorably in tensile properties with those containing the di-2-ethylhexyl esters of phthalic, sebacic, azelaic, and adipic acids. Volatility losses were similar to those of the four di-2-ethylhexyl esters. The loss of plasticizer through migration was equal to or less than that from compositions containing the esters of sebacic, azelaic, and adipic acids but was greater than that of the phthalate ester.A mechanistic scheme of plasticizer-polymer interaction has been presented, proposing that the rate of diffusion of plasticizer through the polymer mass is a controlling factor in both good low-temperature performance and the resulting high migration losses. Methyl esters, some aromatic esters, and esters containing three or more polar centers have improved permanence but show a more rapid change in torsional modulus as the temperature is lowered during the determination of the Clash-Berg stiffening temperature.

Acylation of Cotton Fabric with Isopropenyl Stearatel

Cellulose fabric is rapidly made water-repellent by direct acylation with isopropenyl stearate, which is representative of isopropenyl esters of long-chain fatty acids. The esterification produced a material with minor change in tensile strength. Acylation by isopropenyl stearate (IPS) was accomplished by transfer of reagent to cloth followed by heat- curing in an acid-catalyzed reaction. The low levels of catalyst (0.05% by weight of IPS), short curing periods (7-60 s), and low heating temperatures (~180°C) provided conditions for chemical incorporation of a fatty acid at low levels of substitution (DS < 0.001).

Polymerizable derivatives of long-chain fatty alcohols. III. Copolymers of some alkyl acrylates and acrylonitrile

Coplymers of acrylonitrile containing 5 to 28 mole % (11 to 70 weight %) of three alkyl acrylates (butyl, octyl, and octadecyl) were prepared in t-butanol solution. The copolymers were capable of being molded at about 300–400°F. under a pressure of about 2,000 p.s.i. The magnitude of both the tensile strength and the characteristic low temperature of the copolymers varied inversely with the weight percentage of the acrylate present without regard to its alkyl type. The copolymers were oriented with an accompanying three-fold increase in the tensile strength. Good resistance to several selected reagents was shown by all the copolymers.