William Watson Purkey

Class Clowns: A Study of Middle School Students

From a sample of 3,500 eighth-grade pupils, 96 class clowns were identified by peer nominations on a sociometric form. These pupils were compared to a randomly selected sample of 237 nonclown classmates on the bases of teacher ratings and student self-esteem and school-attitude measures. Clowns were found to be predominantly males. Clowns were seen by their teachers to be higher than nonclowns in Asserting, Unruliness, Attention Seeking, Leadership, and Cheerfulness, and to be lower in Accomplishing. Clowns report lower attitudes toward teacher and principal than do nonclowns and see themselves as leaders and as being vocal in expressing ideas and opinions in front of their classmates.

Overcoming Tough Challenges: An Invitational Theory of Practice for Humanistic Psychology

The challenge for humanistic psychologists is not so much the further development of theoretical constructs. The challenge is to develop theories of practice that move from abstract formulations to concrete models. “Invitational Education” is one humanistic theory of practice that was used to help transform 12 suffering inner-city schools. The story of how this was done follows.