Wilmar Artur Klug

Alterações das pressões anais em pacientes constipados por defecação obstruída

BACKGROUND: constipation is a complex problem and precise diagnosis is required for adequate therapy. When treating patients with obstructed defecation, many factors as gender, age, personal habits, childbirth, associated diseases and other specific pelvic disorders must be considered. Manometry is the preferred diagnosis method due to its simplicity and general availability. OBJECTIVE: the aim of this work was to determine rectal and anal pressures in patients with outlet constipation. METHOD: forty patients diagnosed with outlet constipation were examined using manometry by Coloproctology Ambulatory of Santa Casa of Sao Paulo. The results were compared with a control group of 60 normal. Rectal and anal pressures were measured by ballon manometry , with the patients grouped by type of constipation. RESULTS: we observed alterations in rectal and anal resting and anal squeese pressures in constipated individuals, but no pressure differences between the various types of constipation. CONCLUSION: the different diagnostic methods are relevant for a correct diagnosis. Although baloon manometry should be one of these procedures, it should not be used as the only diagnosis method.

Constipação na gravidez

BACKGROUND: constipation is a common problem during pregnancy, but for a definitive diagnosis, symptoms such as low motility, defecation difficulties, hard feces and incompletet evacuation should be evaluated. There are a number of factors involved, including hormones, physical activity, water and fiber intake, medication, etc. OBJECTIVE: the objective of the present study was to analyse the occurence of constipation in 41 normal pregnant women from the Ambulatory of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at Santa Casa Hospital in Sao Paulo. METHOD: the patients filled a questionnaire with questions related to the frequency of stools, personal habits, symptoms and any other related conditions, before and after pregnancy. RESULTS: the overall incidence of constipation was 27.6%, excluding the subjects with previous history. CONCLUSION: we concluded that the incidence of constipation is lower than expected and generally occurs since the beginning of pregnancy. There seems to be no reason for the prescription of laxatives in most cases in pregnancy.

Diagnóstico do anismus através dos exames de fisiologia anal

Amongst the causes of outlet obstruction, the anismus is most frequent and its diagnosis is made more frequently through electromyografy, considered as optimum examination for this diagnosis. The objective of this work is to verify the influence of anismus in the examinations of anal physiology. For this work 40 patients with diagnosis of outlet obstruction were separate in two groups had been studied: with and without anismus. All of the patients were submitted to manometric exams, rectal sensibility, electromyography, pudendal latency and defecography with the purpose of serving which ones exams would be important in the presence or not of the anismus. We didn´t observe differences between the two groups in relation to the carried through examinations, except in the electromyography that is considered standard gold and in the angle retal year in the defecography where in the patients with anismus it was significantly lesser. CONCLUSION: the presence of anismus intervened with the results of the examinations of anal physiology only in the electromyography, considered standard gold for this diagnosis.

Síndrome de Fournier: análise dos fatores de mortalidade

BACKGROUND: Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe infection of soft tissues, and when it affects the perineum it is called Fourniers gangrene. Some controversy exists over the origin of the disease, but all studies identified correlations between infection and proctologic, urologic, gynecologic origin procedures or trauma. In addition, many other causes are commonly associated, such as diabetes mellitus, abuse of ethanol, malnutrition and immunodepression. It is a severe situation, and diagnosis and surgical therapeutics are emergency procedures, and antibiotics and operations are usually required. OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of conditions related to the causes of death. METHOD: Since 1998 to 2005 in Santa Casa de Sao Paulo Hospital has 43 Fourniers gangrene patients (39 male) age averege 54,8 years and this study analysed their gender, symptoms, evolution of the disease, associated diseases, medical and surgical procedures, sepsis, lung infection, extension of infection, number of debridements, Apache II physiologic index and causes of death. RESULTS: The survivors was 33 pacients and overall mortality of 10 subjects (23.2%), was related to age, delay of treatment, Apache II index and occurence of sepsis and pneumonia. No correlations were found with gender, diabetes mellitus, weight loss, bacteriology, place of begining and extension of lesions, number of debridments or colostomy and cistostomy. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality is related to treatment delay and sepsis. There is no statistical evidence of any relation with diabetes, colostomy or cistostomy.

Reprodutibilidade de laudos de uma mesma manometria segundo diferentes examinadores

INTRODUCTION: The anal manometry is an approach for the study of the anal sphincter including the muscles internal and external anal sphincter being responsible for the pressures of rest and contraction. METHOD: retrospective study through the analysis of examinations of anal manometry of 10 patients with diagnosis of constipation taken care of in the clinic of Anal Physiology of the Service of Coloproctologia of the College of Medical Sciences of the Casa Saint of Sao Paulo in the period of January of 2004 the July of 2004. All the examinations had been analyzed by 3 different examiners being a teacher in anal physiology, a doctor in recent learning and a resident doctor in training and each one supply a finding each examination. RESULT: the examiners are different statistical in the evaluation of the evacuation and contraction pressure. In some situations examiner 1 is different of the other examiners and in a situation examiner 3 is different of excessively. It did not have difference in relation to the findings of presence of anismus, length of the anal canal, final finding of the examination fails esfincteriana and. CONCLUSION: statistical differences had been observed between the examiners, however, these differences had not modified the final finding of the examination. Its final result is not influenced by the reproduction of it by different professionals.

Resultados de tratamento do prolapso retal pela técnica de delorme e de retopexia

OBJECTIVE: Rectopexy is the most common technique used to correct rectal prolapse. Perineal procedures such as the Delorme technique and others are employed for older frail patients with significant comorbidity because of the higher recurrence rate. This study evaluated results of the Delorme technique and rectopexy. METHODS: Retrospective study of 31 patients with rectal prolapse treated from 1997 to 2005. Among them, 15 patients (group A) were treated by rectopexy and 16 by the Delorme technique (group B). Analysis of hospital stay, morbidity, complications and recurrence rate was carried out. RESULTS: There was longer hospital stay, seven days (3 to 11days) in group A, compared to four days (2 to 6 days) in group B. Recurrence rate was similar, respectively 13.3% and 6.6% (not significant). Most patients presented low rest and squeezing pressure, although half of them became fully continent after surgery (group A=53% and group B =50%). Morbidity was 40% and 18.9%, respectively for groups A and B. Sacral hemorrhage occurred in one patient and was controlled during rectopexy. A case of bleeding occurred in group B and ceased spontaneously without surgical procedure. There was a rectal stricture in group B treated successfully with digital dilatation at the doctors office. CONCLUSION: The Delorme technique for treatment of rectal prolapse is a safe procedure and presents results similar to rectopexy. In addition it also has lower morbidity, and could be more often indicated.

A presença de retocele interfere nos resultados de exames de fisiologia anal

INTRODUCTION: Rectocele is a common cause of constipation for obstructed defecation. It often is related with other causes of outlet obstruction and the examinations of anal physiology tests are important for necessary diagnosis of the constipation cause. OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of rectocele in the anal physiology tests and the necessity of its accomplishment to the diagnosis of rectocele. METHOD: In this study, 40 patients with diagnosis of outlet obstruction had been analyzed. All the patients had been submitted to manometry, rectal sensitivity, electromyography, pudendal nerve latency and proctography and they had been separated in 2 groups: carriers and non-carriers of rectocele. 18 patients with rectocele had been found and the diagnosis often associated was anismus. In relation to the examination there was significant difference only in the proctography in the rectal angle, demonstrating that the presence of rectocele did not intervene with the results of the examination of anal physiology when compared with the other constipated, but it was associated with other causes of constipation such as anismus that needs another type of treatment. CONCLUSAO: Rectocele did not intervene with the values of the examination of anal physiology, but it was associated with other diagnosis, therefore it is important the accomplishment of the examination.

Alteração das pressões anais na gravidez

Pregnancy is followed by physiological digestive system adaptations. Such phenomena are related to the progesterone effect, probably due to motiline inhibition, which stimulates smooth muscles fibers. Presumably the same alterations occur in the anus, varying their pressures. The present investigation intends to evaluate the anal pressures in primigravidae. Methods - Results of examinations on sixty women from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Department of Surgery of Santa Casa de Sao Paulo were selected from archives. Neither was considered ill. They were divided into four groups, each one containing fifteen patients, as follows: A. Control group: nuligravidae; B. 1st trimester primigravidae group; C. 2nd trimester group; D. 3rd trimester group. In all patients anal manometric studies were performed to obtain: A. Maximal resting anal pressure; B. Maximal squeezing anal pressure; C. Minimal straining anal pressure. Results -The data were submitted to statistical methods, reaching the following results: A. The anal resting pressure decreases; B. The maximal squeeze pressure does not change; C. The detected changes remain during the whole course of pregnancy. Conclusion- Pregnancy is followed by changes in anal pressures.

Efeito da nifedipina gel 0,2% nas pressões de canal anal e na dor pós-operatória: estudo após hemorroidectomia pela técnica aberta

INTRODUCTION: Hemorrhoids are very common and pain following their surgical treatment causes great suffering. Various alternatives have been studied for reducing postoperative pain. Among these is surgical sphincterotomy, which may in some cases cause some degree of fecal incontinence. For this reason, several studies have used chemical sphincterotomy, with nifedipine, diltiazem, glycerin trinitrate or botulinum toxin. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of topical nifedipine for reducing anal canal pressures and consequently reducing postoperative pain. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Topical gels of 0.2% nifedipine plus 2% lidocaine (Group 1) and 2% lidocaine alone (Group 2) were used following hemorrhoidectomy. Pressures were measured before the operation and on the first, fourth and seventh days after the operation. Pain was also evaluated on all of the first seven postoperative days using a visual analog scale. RESULTS: There were no differences in relation to anal canal pressures, but lower pain levels were reported in the group that received nifedipine. CONCLUSION: Nifedipine gel was efficient for postoperative analgesia, but did not alter anal canal pressures.

Comparação das contagens das células de Langerhans de tecidos contendo carcinoma anal em doentes com e sem infecção pelo HIV

Langerhans cells (LC) are bone marrow derived dendritic cells that represent the major antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the skin, thus representing an integral part of the cutaneous immune response. Immunossupression decreases their number, including HIV infection, and skin tumors products are sufficient to immobilize LC within the tumor, preventing their migration to lymph nodes. This reduces the number of T cells that infiltrate the tumor, preventing regression. OBJETIVE: Our proposal was to know what are the differences among LC counts comparing HIV-positive and -negative patients with anal carcinoma. METHOD: We evaluated 24 patients, 14 with HIV and 10 HIV-negative. Treatment for carcinoma was similar in both groups. Paraffin blocks containing biopsies were cut and stained with antibody anti-CD68. LC were counted in a histometrical way and number were compared to previous known specimens of HIV-negative patients without infectious anorectal diseases. We also studied cancer evolution and T CD4+ lymphocytes blood counts of HIV-positive patients. RESULTS: Statistics showed that anal carcinomas were more frequent in females HIV-negative and in seropositive males. HIV-positive patients were younger than seronegative ones. LC were decreased in seropositive patients and the most numerous counts were associated to worse prognosis. HIV-positive patients who had the most decreased T CD4+ counts had the worst prognosis, too. CONCLUSION: We conclude that LC were decreased in HIV-positive patients with anal carcinoma rather than in seronegative.