Winston Fritsch

Obstacles to Brazilian export growth and the present multilateral negotiations

This chapter is concerned with the evaluation of the impact of non-tariff obstacles faced by Brazilian exports in developed markets. Some of the main issues of recent Brazilian commercial policy are examined as well as the economic rationale for the adoption of a specific agenda by Brazil in the Uruguay Round.The traditional coalitions of Brazilian economic diplomacy and alternative coalition possibilities are critically examined from an economic national interest point of view.

Market access for manufactured exports from developing countries: trends and prospects

This chapter discusses the main trade impediments facing developing countries’ exports of manufactures to developed country markets and the prospects for improved market access. It is divided into two sections: the first describes the chief characteristics of the evolving structure of protection, and in the second the issues relating to market access for developing country exports of manufactures in the ongoing MTNs are analysed. It is argued (i) that no broad coalition with substantial participation of developing countries among its leading actors is likely to emerge, (ii) that the abandonment of S & D rights has very limited appeal to the vast majority of developing exporters of manufactures and, thus, is a very unlikely outcome, and (iii) that the prospects for improved market access through reciprocal bargaining basically depend on structural adjustment in the North Atlantic economies. The fact that the latter requires investment and, therefore growth, emphasizes the crucial importance of the Uruguay Round for leading the OECD economies to a higher growth path than that which can be envisaged under present macroeconomic policies in the North.