Wira Jazair Yahya

Integration of real-time non-surfactant emulsion fuel system on light duty lorry

Interest in water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (W/D) grows because of its advantages in improving fuel efficiency, reducing greenhouse emissions and retaining the quality of the lubrication oil. Recently, a device called Real-Time Non-Surfactant Emulsion Fuel System (RTES) have successfully created an emulsion without surfactant for a 5kW single-cylinder diesel engine generator. This study integrates the RTES into a light duty lorry, and the effect of the integration is investigated. The lorry was tested on a chassis dynamometer with a controlled 16.6% water ratio. The results show how fuel consumption is reduced by 7.1% compared to neat diesel. Moreover, the exhaust emission of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) is reduced by 52%, while as observed in other works, carbon monoxides (CO) emission also increased, in this case by 41.6%. This integration concluded to retain similar benefits and disadvantages as tested on the 5.5kW diesel generator.

Diesel engine fuel consumption and emission analysis using steam generated non-surfactant water-in-diesel emulsion fuel

Efforts in making water in diesel emulsion (W/D) with the absence of surfactant have been developed to address the issues of long-term stability and the dependence on surfactants. This paper discusses an alternative formation method of a non-surfactant W/D, e.g. by steam condensation. By injecting steam into a batch of colder diesel fuel, fine water droplets are formed and suspended in the fuel forming an emulsion. The droplets are confirmed to be in the size range of hundreds of nanometers. The emissions of NOx is reduced by a maximum of 71%, whereas the CO and UHC emissions are increased by maximum respectively 180% and a surprising 517%. Not less interesting is the lower BSFC which was measured at a maximum reduction of 18.4%. These results on emission analysis together with the brake specific fuel consumption confirm this method to resemble the combustion behaviour of a conventional emulsion fuel of lower NOx and BSFC, yet higher CO and UHC

Diesel engine emission analysis using fuel from diverse emulsification methods

The focus of this work is to investigate the emission characteristics of a stationary diesel engine while utilizing an emulsion fuel from a novel preparation process. The emulsion preparation was performed in real time without using any surfactant. Instead of mechanically breaking the water down into droplets, the water is delivered thermally, by changing its phase from gas to liquid. Steam is used in this proposed process, where it will be converted into suspended water droplets once it meets colder diesel. The product is called steam-generated water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (S/D). The method is expected to reduce the moving components of a previous surfactant-less system; therefore, reducing costs and increasing the system reliability. The emission characteristics of S/D were compared with EURO 2 diesel (D2), and a conventional emulsion denoted as E10. E10 was prepared using 10% water (volumetric) and SPAN80 as a surfactant. The emission characterizations were carried out based on the exhaust gas of a single cylinder naturally aspirated CI engine fueled with D2, S/D, and E10. Compared to D2, both emulsions significantly reduced the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) (E10 max ↓58.0%, S/D max ↓40.0%) and particulate matter (PM) (E10 max ↓20.0%, S/D max ↓57.0%).

Water mixing burner utilizing sludge palm oil

The introduction of water into combustion has been explored widely by researchers in recent years. The idea of introducing water directly into burner combustion field is the main intrigue point of this study. Palm oil mill has been neglecting sludge palm oil for fuel resources, yet it has the energy content at its raw state that can be utilized and studied upon. Sludge palm oil characteristics and water mixing in burner combustion is overviewed coherently. Sludge palm oil contains impurities besides oil and low water content, making it quite viscous. Internally rapid mixing nozzle which mixes water, fuel and air for burner combustion has been shown to reduce harmful emissions. A commercial burner is redesigned to suit not just sludge palm oil, but also with water addition to the combustion field and will be tested in the near future.

Biofuels from an Esterification of Sludge Palm Oil as an Alternative to Residual Oil

Fuel oil No. 4 to No.6 are collectively known as residual oil and widely known to be hazardous and release more emission than conventional diesel fuel. However, more concern has been given to find an alternative fuel for diesel with extensive research in biodiesel from various resources for more than a decade. On the other hand, only small intention had been shown towards residual oil though everyone knows it is more harmful. Current production cost of any biofuels is much superior that made residual oil to be a fuel of choice especially for heavy machineries. This research aims to reduce the production cost of biofuels by utilizing Sludge Palm Oil (SPO) as its feedstock. SPO is a waste of any palm oil mill and has been overlooked by many for a long time. The idea is to convert only the FFA part of SPO and let the triglyceride portion as it is. Though it might be not suitable for conventional diesel engine, it should not create many problems with heavy machineries engine which run on more viscous residual oil.