Wolfgang J. Weber

Polyamines, hydrolases (PAP, LAP, SDH, plasmin) TSH, T3, T4 and C-peptide in benign hyperplasia of the prostate

SummaryHigh concentrations of polyamines have been found in the normal human prostate. The profile of these amines appeared significantly changes in benign hypertrophy of the prostate. An increase of spermine and a fall of putrescine were always found in patients with a hypertrophied prostate weighing more than 30 g. Alterations of plasmin in these tissues seemed to reflect changes in the matrix; abnormalities of thyroid and pancreatic function documented by changes in the serum levels of TSH and c-peptide which are thought to be further evidence of a mesenchymal-epithelial interaction in the pathogenesis of benign prostate hypertrophy.

Surgery of the primary tumor of metastasizing renal carcinoma.

40% or 116 of 350 patients with renal carcinoma had distant metastases at the time of hospital admission (M1, N0-4). Women fell ill less often than men did (3:7). 82 of 116 patients (71%) received nephrectomy primarily. Lethality within the first 30 days was 6%. Patients with nephrectomy survived longer than those without, women with nephrectomy survived longer than men. Patients with a grade II tumor survived longer than those with a grade III tumor. Palliative nephrectomy can therefore be recommended as treatment of choice, if the general condition of the patient allows it, the more so as there are no alternative ways of treatment.

Quantitative enzymatic histophotometry of morphologic alterations caused by urologically relevant tubular kidney damages using computed image analysis device technique.

The tissue concentration of tubular marker enzymes were evaluated in sections of kidneys from 86 patients with various underlying diseases such as hydronephrosis, interstitial nephropathies, ischemia due to renal arterial stenosis and chronic allograft rejection. In addition, as an experimental model, kidney tissue sections of 166 Wistar rats were analyzed due to hydronephrosis caused by ureteral obstruction, ischemia and obstruction of the renal vein. The tissue concentration of indicator enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase (AP) and alanine-aminopeptidase (AAP), was considered as a parameter describing the extent of kidney tubule damage. Quantitative evaluation of enzymatic activity was performed by histophotometry using a computed image analysis device technique. As compared to normal human kidney (enzyme activity 100%), the concentrations of brush border enzymes were significantly (p less than 0.001) lower under pathological conditions (AP less than 15%, AAP less than 55%). In similar manner investigations of kidneys in animal experiments with rats exhibited lower enzyme concentrations following kidney injury caused by ureteral obstruction for 10 and 21 days (AP less than 12%, AAP less than 65%; 2p less than 0.01). Kidneys after an ischemic period of 2 h and a subsequent 14-day recirculation period displayed a significant (2p less than 0.01) decrease of normally present indicator enzyme concentrations (AP less than 22%, AAP less than 77%) as compared to normal renal organs (100%). Computed image analysis of kidney tissue sections might be a useful aid in evaluating morphologic and enzymatic patterns of human and animal kidney alterations.

Theory of Errors

The theory of errors is a part of mathematical statistics and deals with the following facts. Given the results of measurements carried out in a laboratory, we require statements about the ‘true’ value of the measured quantity and a prediction of the accuracy of the measurements. There are two types of errors which arise when we carry out a measurement: systematic or constant errors and random errors.

Applications of Integration

The purpose of this chapter is to consider some of the important applications of integration as applied to problems in physics and engineering. Its objective is twofold. Firstly, it demonstrates the practical use of the integral calculus to readers who are particularly interested in applications. Secondly, other readers may use this chapter as a reference when practical problems are encountered.

Residual urine determination in cysto-uroflow metering by electronic evaluation of volume differences

SummaryThe electronic evaluation of volume differences of residual urine determination following cysto-uroflow metering takes place in three stages: 1. Integration of the bladder filling volume. 2. Integration of the micturition volume. 3. Electronic differentiation of the integrated volumes (bladder filling volume minus micturition volume equals residual urine volume). The residual urine volume can be read directly from the recorder.

Fourier Integrals and Fourier Transforms

In the preceding chapter ″Fourier series″ we showed that an arbitrary periodic function with period T can be described as the sum of trigonometric functions with multiples of the period T.

Vector Analysis: Surface Integrals, Divergence, Curl and Potential

Consider a steady flow of water through a pipe. The water is assumed to be incompressible, i.e. it has a uniform density (for which we will use the symbol ρ), the velocity of each particle having a constant value v = ds/dt.

Vector Algebra II: Scalar and Vector Products

We saw in the previous chapter how vector quantities may be added and subtracted. In this chapter we consider the products of vectors and define rules for them. First we will examine two cases frequently encountered in practice.

Fourier Series; Harmonic Analysis

We now ask whether a function can be expanded in terms of functions other than power functions, and especially whether a periodic function may be expanded in terms of periodic functions, say trigonometric functions.Many problems in physics and engineering involve periodic functions, particularly in electrical engineering, vibrations, sound and heat conduction.