Won Hwa Hong

A Study on the Establishment of Demolition Waste DB System by BIM-Based Building Materials

Recently, BIM (Building Information Modeling) became mandatory in Korea, and BIM started to be implemented in construction area. It is a design tool for maximizing the efficiency of design, construction, and maintenance throughout the entire lifecycle, but there are not many studies about the demolition wastes (DW) in the demolition stage. This study gathered basic data concerning the development of a database of DW disposed in the demolition stage using BIM-based building material database. For this, a BIM software, ARCHICAD, and construction material categories of the item list system of the PPS (Public Procurement Service) were analyzed to select major building materials. Based on the analysis, the disposal routes were analyzed considering the characteristics of DW. The database of DW was developed by examining the disposal routes of 52 major construction materials selected according to the characteristics of each material during demolition and selecting 7 major DW.

A Survey on Ownership of Home Appliances and Electric Energy Consumption Status According to the Number of Household Member

With increasing trend of nuclear family, modern society is also showing a gradual increase in single households. Increase in single household leads to increased use of home appliances. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to examine ownership of electric home appliances (home appliance products that use electricity) and energy consumption status and to obtain implications for energy conservation.A survey was conducted / analyzed on 2,250 households, and the following results were obtained. First, ratio of home appliance ownership and number of appliances per household member were examined. Average number of home appliances was 10.6 for single households, 13.8 for 2-person households and 17.5 for households with 6 persons or more. Second, electric rate was found to be 46,000 won for single households and 114,000 won for households with 6 persons or more. Electric rate per member of household was rapidly reduced from to <4-person household>, showing about 50% conservation. In other words, increase in single households is regarded to have great impact on increase in energy consumption.

The Evaluation of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission on Green Building Certification Apartments in Korea

With G-SEED (Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design), an environment-friendly building certification system, Korea is promoting the efficient energy management in the building. In particular, apartments account for the biggest share of the G-SEED authentication results. However, there has not been enough evaluation or research on the environmental performance of buildings certified by G-SEED as well as its own institutional issues. Therefore, this study compared energy consumption and CO2 emissions of G-SEED certified apartments and non G-SEED certified apartments to analyze the environmental performance of G-SEED certified apartments. The analysis shows that G-SEED certified apartments have better results than non G-SEED certified apartments in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions.

The Concentration of Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate on a Flooring Surface in Dwelling House

This study was measured the concentration level of contamination by DEHP on indoor flooring surfaces. It was confirmed that vacuum-cleaning of dust accumulated on flooring surfaces would not completely eliminate DEHP in the flooring. Unlike ceilings or walls, children are more prone to come in direct contact with flooring; meaning children’s bare skin is more likely to be exposed to high-concentration of DEHP on flooring surfaces. As children lick their hands that come in direct contact with the flooring, their chance of orally ingesting DEHP is likely to increase as well. Given these findings, it is considered important to assess children’s exposure to DEHP in indoor environments and assess the risks thereof by investing the subject in relation to behavioral characteristics of children.

The Measurement of SVOC Emission Rates from Building Materials

Recent studies have reported that indoor house dust contains a large volume of SVOC chemical substances such as phthalates. This study measured the SVOC emission rate from various types of building materials and conducted quantitative and qualitative analyses on the emitted substances. DBP and DEHP were detected in all building materials based on the result obtained from measuring the building materials produced in Japan, South Korea, and China. The DBP and DEHP emission rates (95 percentile) from the building materials used for the measurement in this study were 2.56 [μg/m2・h] and 11.63[μg/m2・h] respectively. Larger DBP and DEHP emission rate from building materials are believed to be the reason why a high level of DBP and DEHP is detected in house dust found in residential homes compared to other substances.

A Study on CO2 Emissions in End-of-Life Phase of Residential Buildings in Korea: Demolition, Transportation and Disposal of Building Materials

Architecture and building industry have been made diversified efforts to create a construction environment that promotes resource recycling. Many studies have been done to better understand and reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions throughout a building’s lifecycle. However, to promote sustainable development and a construction environment that facilitates resource recycling, more understanding and research is needed on energy consumption and CO2 emissions during the stage of dismantling a building. Noting that, this research investigates CO2 emissions in a building’s End-Of-Life (EOL) phase that includes dismantling of a building, transport and disposal of the waste generated in the course of dismantling residential buildings in Korea. According to the results of this study, CO2 emissions in a building’s EOL phase was 3,561kg CO2/100m2 for apartments, 3,184 kgCO2/100m2 for brick houses and 1,137 kg CO2/100m2 for wooden houses. The results showed that transport and disposal process of demolition waste accounts for 90% of all CO2 emissions in a building’s EOL phase. From this finding, it is necessary to have a proper, effective strategy for transport and disposal of demolition waste from dismantled buildings’ in order to reduce CO2 emissions during a building’s EOL phase.

Concentration of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and five volatile organic compounds in indoor air: The clean-healthy house construction standard (South Korea)

The authors evaluate indoor air quality in apartments built according to the South Korean Clean-Healthy House construction standard. The evaluation includes three types of residential units with differing gross floor areas. Indoor air was analyzed for formaldehyde (observed range 52.0–99.2 ug/m3), acetaldehyde (14.6–61.0 ug/m3), benzene (0.6–1.3 ug/m3), toluene (161.8–371.0 ug/m3) ethylbenzene (6.5–17.0 ug/m3), xylene (14.7–45.0 ug/m3), and styrene (37.7–112.5 ug/m3). The concentrations of all analyzed substances were within the South Korean guidelines. The findings confirm that the Clean-Healthy Homes initiative has led to a greatly improved indoor air environment compared to existing newly built apartment blocks in South Korea. However, this construction standard is applied only to large apartment developments comprising 1,000 or more units, and it seems that further effort should be made to extend the standard to stand-alone residences and small-scale apartment blocks in order to ensure that indoor air quality is maintained more widely.

Development of small district adjustment based on public water demand to decrease the municipal water supply load

This research microscopically estimates the spatial distribution of water demand and aims to use this to improve the existing zone system. So, this study used geographic information system (GIS) to predict the spatial distribution of water demand according to building unit by applying the basic unit of water use by purpose. Based on the results, the buildings were then grouped into blocks to produce a methodology for controlling small districts using a microscopic approach to decrease the water supply load based on water demand per block. Finally, verification was conducted by quantitatively evaluating the load-decreasing effect through the application of the above methodology. We evaluated efficiency and verified the studys methodology by analysing urban areas that had been Manhattanized and densificated, finding a reduction of approximately 16.7%. The possibility of expanding the studys scope to medium and large districts was suggested.

Analysis of BOD’s Spatial Generation Characteristics Caused by Sanitary Sewage in Daegu Metropolitan

This study surveyed amount of sewage generated in each building and, based on which, forecasted distribution of its BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), which has not been performed because two different authorities responsible for urban management and water supply and sewage did not allow for rich data or materials. In particular, this study developed data of 250,000 buildings in the city via GIS and included attributes such as total floor space, purpose, amount of sanitary sewage and BOD generated. Analysis on the amount of sanitary sewage and BOD generated showed that distribution characteristics associated with the regional characteristics and cluster of buildings with the largest amount of BOD. The finding also showed that the grid zone falling in the top 4 % based on the grid data accounted for almost 46 % of the entire sanitary sewage generated in the city, an indication of the need for a better management in certain areas.

Analysis on Experience and Preparedness about Power Failure in the Residential Sector (in Korea)

A survey was carried out on 2,250 households around the nation for the purpose of examining power failure experience and measure in the household sector. Implications of this study are as follows. ▸ 90% of the subjects had experience of power failure, among which about 50% had longest time of power failure between 5 ~ 30 minutes, 38% between 1 ~ 12 hours, and 3% over 12 hours. ▸ The biggest cause of power failure was “Natural disasters during summer such as typhoon”, and natural disasters during winter showed relatively low ratio of 2%. Causes other than natural disasters included aged electric facilities in shared apartment complexes experienced by 18% of households and power failure from electricity supply failure experienced by 18%. ▸ While 40% of households selected 「Discomfort of living caused by darkness」 as the biggest difficulty of power failure, over 50% of households did not have any special preparations about power failure. 87% of households responded 「Batteries」 as the most important goods to be secured during power failure 30% of households responded that 「There is no need to prepare for any goods」, showing lack of active preparedness about power failure situation.