Xian Zheng

Facilities management service and customer satisfaction in shopping mall sector

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze crucial facilities management (FM) service dimensions that affect customer satisfaction with regards to the shopping mall sector, and provide useful implications for FM companies.Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a five‐year longitudinal customer satisfaction survey conducted in five selected shopping malls in Hong Kong. The authors first use stepwise multiple regression method to estimate the relationship between overall customer satisfaction level and nine specific dimensions of FM service for each year, and then compare regression results of five years to identify crucial dimensions.Findings – The research reveals that: management and maintenance of communal facilities is the most crucial dimension with regard to the overall customer satisfaction; the condition of a washroom is another important dimension for customer satisfaction; communication efficiency and efficacious promotion events are also important for maintaining...

The dynamic correlation and volatility of real estate price and rental: an application of MSV model

This article investigates the dynamic conditional correlation between price and rental among four types of real estate markets, namely housing, retail, office and factory. In the case of Hong Kong (from January 1993 to December 2008), the Dynamic Conditional Correlation Multivariate Stochastic Volatility (DCC–MSV) model and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) are employed to capture the volatility and time varying correlation of property price and rental in each market. The empirical results demonstrate that the volatilities of price are significantly larger than those of rental for each type of real estate markets throughout the whole sample period. Besides, the findings indicate that the correlations between price and rental are time-varying, and the average correlation in the housing market is much larger than those in the other three markets. Also, the conditional correlations in the factory market are the most volatile, while those in the office market are relatively stable. Additionally, two particularly volatile periods have been identified in and around 1997 and 2003.

Efficiency assessment of listed real estate companies: an empirical study of China

This study measures performance and efficiency of the Listed Real Estate Companies (LRECs). Three types of Data envelopment analysis (DEA) approaches are employed, which are CCR-DEA, BCC-DEA and Super-Efficiency-DEA models. Based on these DEA approaches, we conduct an empirical analysis on the 94 LRECs in China stock markets according to the 2009 Annual Financial Statements. Registered Capital, Asset Value, Employee Number, and Operation Cost are adopted as the inputs factors, while the output factors are denoted by Revenue and Profit. In general, this empirical research delivers four outcomes: firstly, an integrated assessment system and a ranking of the LRECs are established, which provides useful information for investors who are seeking for indirect exposure in the Chinese real estate market. Secondly, the average Overall Efficiency (OE), Pure Technical Efficiency (PTE) and Scale Efficiency (SE) of the LRECs are 0.78, 0.84 and 0.92 respectively. Thirdly, 69% of the inefficient LRECs are classified as increasing returns to scale and could further increase operating efficiency by scale expansion. Fourthly, the employees slack is prevalent at 18.96% for the inefficient LRECs.

Investor sentiment and risk appetite of real estate security market

This article proposes a new model to measure the risk appetite in absence of option prices. Without options transaction, traditional measurements cannot be made. This article establishes a Risk Appetite (RA) indicator by way of change measure and simulation, with two density functions, i.e. risk-neutral density and historical density. The RA indicators use the data from the Property Composite Index (PCI) and the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index (SSECI). The empirical result shows that investors involved in the real estate security market have lower RA compared to those in the general security market. Particularly, RA indicators for both indices started to fall markedly in early 2008 and even more so after September 2008. The changes in RA suggest that the overall investors’ attitudes nowadays towards Chinas stock market are never as pessimistic as before.

The impact of property price on construction output

The interaction between the construction market and the overall economy has attracted much attention, but few studies have investigated the influence of the property market on the construction market in terms of property price. The disaggregated data of Hong Kong’s housing and retail construction sectors are collected to investigate the impact of property price on construction output. The newly developed autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach and the error correction (EC)-based Granger causality test are employed. The bounds testing results suggest that there exist stable long-run relationships between construction output and property price for both housing and retail construction sectors. Specifically, a 1.00% increase in the housing price and retail price lead to a 0.55% and 0.42% increase in construction outputs for the two sectors respectively. In addition, the Granger causality tests confirm a distinct long-run causal flow from property price to construction output. Furthermore, the proposed ARDL approach provides an effective method for forecasting construction output.

Housing wealth, stock wealth and consumption expenditure : a dynamic analysis for Hong Kong

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the long‐run relation and short‐run dynamic correlations between consumption expenditure and household wealth, namely housing wealth and stock wealth.Design/methodology/approach – This paper adopts aggregate time‐series data over the period of 1981Q1‐2010Q4 in Hong Kong. It employs the ARDL to cointegration procedure and the multivariate stochastic volatility (MSV) model to investigate the long‐run elasticity and dynamic correlations between aggregate consumption expenditure and household wealth indicators.Findings – The results suggest that both housing wealth and stock wealth have significant effects on consumption expenditure after controlling for the aggregate income level. The long‐run elasticity of consumption expenditure with respect to housing wealth and stock wealth are 0.3877 and 0.1424 respectively, while the marginal propensity to consume for housing wealth and for stock wealth are 0.2159 and 0.0266 respectively. The dynamic correlation analysi...

Exploring the dynamic relationship between housing and retail property markets: an empirical study of Hong Kong

This paper investigates the dynamic conditional correlations (DCCs) between housing returns and retail property returns, and the existence of volatility spillover between the two property markets of Hong Kong. Two multivariate stochastic volatility models (MSV), namely Granger causality MSV and DCC-MSV model, are used to capture the time-varying correlations and the volatility spillover effect, respectively. The findings show that the correlations between housing returns and retail property returns follow a dynamic process, and such dynamic correlation could serve as a leading indicator for future property price movements. Besides, the findings also suggest that Hong Kong’s retail property market is generally more volatile than its residential market. Additionally, we find a unilateral volatility spillover from residential property to retail property in the Hong Kong market.