Xiandong Zeng

Electrodeposition of chitosan–ionic liquid–glucose oxidase biocomposite onto nano-gold electrode for amperometric glucose sensing

A sensitive glucose biosensor was fabricated by electrodepositing chitosan-ionic liquid-glucose oxidase biocomposite onto nano-gold electrode. First, nano-gold electrode was constructed by electrochemically depositing gold nanoparticles onto a flat gold electrode surface. Then the nano-gold electrode was immersed in the bath containing p-benzoquinone (BQ), chitosan (CS), glucose oxidase (GOD) and ionic liquid (IL) for electrodeposition of enzymatic electrode. The proton consumption during electroreduction of BQ increased the local solution pH near the electrode surface and led to the deposition of CS hydrogel on the electrode surface. Co-deposition of GOD and IL with the CS hydrogel was achieved. The proposed biosensor exhibited a fast amperometric response (<5 s) to glucose. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed biosensor exhibited a high current sensitivity (14.33 microA mM(-1) cm(-2)), which was 2.8 times of the biosensor prepared by electrodepositing CS-IL-GOD biocomposite on flat gold electrode. The detection limit for glucose was 1.5 microM, which was 20-fold lower compared to the biosensor prepared on flat gold electrode. The linear range for glucose detection was wide from 3.0 microM to 9.0 mM. Moreover, the proposed biosensor exhibited high reproducibility, long-time storage stability and satisfactory anti-interference ability. The applicability of the proposed biosensor to serum samples analysis was also evaluated.

A third-generation hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase immobilized on DNA functionalized carbon nanotubes

In this paper, DNA functionalized SWCNTs were used to immobilize horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on glassy carbon (GC) electrode. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the direct electrochemistry of HRP immobilized on DNA-SWCNTs hybrids was achieved. The DNA interlayer between the SWCNTs and HRP could be used to keep the activity of HRP. Compared with HRP-SWCNTs/GC and HRP-DNA/GC electrodes, the prepared HRP-DNA-SWCNTs/GC electrode exhibited more excellent electrochemical properties. Thus, the prepared HRP-DNA-SWCNTs/GC electrode was proposed as a third-generation H(2)O(2) biosensor. The effect of pH and applied potential on the performance of the biosensor was discussed in detail. Under the optimal conditions, a wide linear range of the propose biosensor for the detection of H(2)O(2) was observed from 6.0x10(-7) to 1.8 x10(-3)M. The detection limit was found to be 3.0 x10(-7)M at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Furthermore, the proposed biosensor displayed rapid response, high stability, very good reproducibility and high sensitivity for the detection of H(2)O(2). Determination H(2)O(2) concentration in disinfector sample by the proposed biosensor also showed satisfactory result.

Amperometric glucose biosensor with remarkable acid stability based on glucose oxidase entrapped in colloidal gold-modified carbon ionic liquid electrode.

A colloidal gold-modified carbon ionic liquid electrode was constructed by mixing colloidal gold-modified graphite powder with a solid room temperature ionic liquid n-octyl-pyridinium hexafluorophosphate (OPPF(6)). Glucose oxidase (GOD) was entrapped in this composite matrix and maintained its bioactivity well and displayed excellent stability. The effect conditions of pH, applied potential and GOD loading were examined. Especially, the glucose oxidase entrapped in this carbon ionic liquid electrode fully retained its activity upon stressing in strongly acidic conditions (pH 2.0) for over one hour. The proposed biosensor responds to glucose linearly over concentration range of 5.0x10(-6) to 1.2x10(-3) and 2.6x10(-3) to 1.3x10(-2) M, and the detection limit is 3.5x10(-6) M. The response time of the biosensor is fast (within 10s), and the life time is over two months. The effects of electroactive interferents, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, can be significantly reduced by a Nafion film casting on the surface of resulting biosensor.

Fabrication of DNA functionalized carbon nanotubes/Cu2+ complex by one-step electrodeposition and its sensitive determination of nitrite

In this paper, DNA functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes/Cu(2+) (DNA-CNTs/Cu(2+)) complex was one-step electrodeposited onto the glassy carbon electrode (GCE), which fabricated a DNA-CNTs/Cu(2+)/GCE sensor to detect nitrite. Cyclic voltammogram of DNA-CNTs/Cu(2+)/GCE showed a pair of well-defined redox peaks for Cu(2+)/Cu(+). Compared with DNA-CNTs/GCE and DNA-Cu(2+)/GCE, the prepared DNA-CNTs/Cu(2+)/GCE exhibited more excellent electrochemical properties. Thus, the prepared DNA-CNTs/Cu(2+)/GCE was proposed as nitrite sensor. The effects of Cu(2+), CNTs and DNA concentration in the mixture together with electrodeposition time and determination conditions such as applied potential, pH value on the current response of DNA-CNTs/Cu(2+)/GCE toward nitrite were optimized to obtain the maximal sensitivity. In addition, electrochemical experiments revealed that the modified electrode showed high electrocatalytic activity to the reduction of nitrite ion (NO(2)(-)). The linear range for the detection of NO(2)(-) was 3x10(-8) to 2.6x10(-3)M, and the response was very fast (less than 3s). A low detection limit of 3x10(-8)M (S/N=3) for NO(2)(-) was achieved.

Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalytic properties of hemoglobin immobilized on a carbon ionic liquid electrode modified with mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41.

The direct electron transfer and electrocatalysis of hemoglobin (Hb) entrapped in the MCM-41 modified carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) were investigated by using cyclic voltammetry in 0.10 M pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Due to its uniform pore structure, high surface areas and good biocompatibility, the mesoporous silica sieve MCM-41 provided a suitable matrix for immobilization of biomolecule. The MCM-41 modified CILE showed significant promotion to the direct electron transfer of Hb, which exhibited a pair of well defined and quasi-reversible peaks for heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) with a formal potential of -0.284 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Additionally, the Hb immobilized on the MCM-41 modified carbon ionic liquid electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity toward H(2)O(2). The electrocatalytic current values were linear with increasing concentration of H(2)O(2) in a wide range of 5-310 microM and the corresponding detection limit was calculated to be 5 x 10(-8)M (S/N=3). The surface coverage of Hb immobilized on the MCM-41 modified carbon ionic liquid electrode was about 2.54 x 10(-9) molcm(-2). The Michaelis-Menten constant K(m)(app) of 214 microM indicated that the Hb immobilized on the modified electrode showed high affinity to H(2)O(2). The proposed electrode had high stability and good reproducibility due to the protection effect of MCM-41 and ionic liquid, and it would have wide potential applications in direct electrochemistry, biosensors and biocatalysis.

Kinetic and equilibrium studies for the adsorption process of cadmium(II) and copper(II) onto Pseudomonas aeruginosa using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry method

A novel method for the simultaneous determination of cadmium(II) and copper(II) during the adsorption process onto Pseudomonas aeruginosa was developed. The concentration of the free metal ions was successfully detected by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) on the mercaptoethane sulfonate (MES) modified gold electrode, while the P. aeruginosa was efficiently avoided approaching to the electrode surface by the MES monolayer. And the anodic stripping peaks of Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) appear at -0.13 and 0.34V respectively, at the concentration range of 5-50 microM, the peak currents of SWASV present linear relationships with the concentrations of cadmium and copper respectively. As the determination of Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) was in real time and without pretreatment, the kinetic characteristics of the adsorption process were studied and all the corresponding regression parameters were obtained by fitting the electrochemical experimental data to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Moreover, Langmuir and Freundlich models well described the biosorption isotherms. And there were some differences in the amount of metal ion adsorbed at equilibrium (q(e)) and other kinetics parameters when the two ions coexisted were compared with the unaccompanied condition, which were also discussed in this paper. The proposed electrode system provides excellent platform for the simultaneous determination of trace metals in complex biosorption process.

Copper Adsorption Kinetics onto Pseudomonas aeruginosa Immobilized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in an Aqueous Solution

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa immobilized multiwalled carbon nanotubes were used as a novel kind of solid-phase extraction adsorbents of heavy metals, and the concentration of copper ions in the aqueous solution was obtained with the use of linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry (LSASV). The adsorption of copper ions was rapid, and equilibrium was attained within 30 min. The combination technique provides fast, real-time information for adsorption process. Based on the electrochemical results, the kinetics and equilibrium were systematically examined. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was used to correlate the kinetic experimental data, and the kinetic parameters were evaluated. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to describe the adsorption isotherms.

Cooperative Effect of Guanidinium Chloride and Urea on Lysozyme Refolding

Abstract The interaction between urea and guanidinium chloride (GuHCl) on lysozyme refolding was investigated in this work. Live micrococcus lysodeikticus was successfully introduced into a refolding system. Lysozyme can be refolded from the GuHCl-denatured, DTT-reduced state in a good yield of 96.54% at final protein concentration as high as 0.2 mg·mL−1. A model could be employed to elucidate refolding kinetics behavior and the kinetics constants were studied. In the coexistence of GuHCl and urea, the aggregation rate decreased by increasing urea concentration to a proper value. The cooperation of GuHCl and urea not only suppressed the competition of the aggregation reaction but also increased the yield of refolding efficiently.

Study on Chromium (VI) Reduction Kinetics by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using a Combined System of Acoustic Wave Impedance Analyzer and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer

A novel system combining acoustic wave impedance (AWI) analyzer with UV-vis spectrophotometer was developed for the study of chromium (VI) reduction kinetics by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AWI gave information about the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and UV-vis spectrophotometer gave information about the concentration of chromium (VI) simultaneously. A combined system response model, for chromium (VI) reduction kinetics at lower initial chromium (VI) concentrations, was derived and proved based on the novel system. Taking into account the effect of bacterial growth on chromium (VI) reduction, the new model successfully simulated chromium (VI) bioremediation process. By fitting chromium (VI) reduction data toward the derived model, the kinetic parameters related to the process were obtained. When the concentration of peptone was 10 g L−1, the half-velocity reduction rate constant KC and the maximum specific chromium (VI) reduction rate constant νmax were 0.7682 mg chromium (VI) L−1 and 2.5814 × 10−12 mg chromium (VI) cells−1 h−1, respectively. It was found that the combined system can provide real-time, reliable, and two-dimensional kinetic information, and can be applied to study other biological processes.

Direct Electron Transfer Reactivity of Hemoglobin in Cationic Gemini Surfactant–Poly (Allylamine) Hydrochloride Composite Film on Glassy Carbon Electrode

A new composite film comprising cationic gemini surfactant butane-α,ω-bis(dimethyl dodeculammonium bromide) (BDDA, C12-C4-C12) and poly (allylamine) hydrochloride(PAH) have been prepared. The composite film showed good biocompatibility and could promote the direct electron transfer between hemoglobin (Hb) and glassy carbon (GC) electrode. The immobilized Hb exhibited a pair of well-defined, quasi-reversible, and stable redox peaks with a formal potential of −0.158 V (vs. SCE) in 0.10 M pH 7 phosphate buffer solutions, and showed high affinity to hydrogen peroxide. The cathodic peak current of the electrode was linear with increasing concentration of H2O2 in the range of 5.14 to 200 μM.