Xiao-xun Wang

Comparison of the total amount of eggshell pigments in Dongxiang brown-shelled eggs and Dongxiang blue-shelled eggs

Based on the knowledge of the heme bio-synthetic and metabolic pathway and the structures of biliverdin and protoporphyrin, experiments were carried out to compare the difference between the total quality of eggshell pigments in blue-shelled eggs and brown-shelled eggs from the same population (Dongxiang, China) and to analyze the correlation between the quantity of protoporphyrin and biliverdin in the 2 kinds of eggshells. It was found that there was no significant difference between the total quantity of eggshell pigments in Dongxiang blue-shelled eggs and Dongxiang brown-shelled eggs (P = 0.9006), and a highly significant positive correlation between the quantity of protoporphyrin and biliverdin in blue eggshells (P < 0.01) and a significant positive correlation between the quantity of protoporphyrin and biliverdin in brown eggshells (P < 0.05). These results suggested that eggshell protoporphyrin and eggshell biliverdin probably derived from common precursor material.

Heme Oxygenase-1 is Important to the Formation of Eggshell Biliverdin in Chicken

Abstract Wang, X.T., Zhao, C.J., Li, J.Y., Xu, G.Y., Lian, L.S., Wu, C.X. and Deng, X.M. 2010. Heme oxygenase-1 is important to the formation of eggshell biliverdin in chicken. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 38: 229–232. We postulated that the pathway of the biliverdin in eggshell was similar to that of the biliverdin in bile and attempted to search some proofs. First, it was found that the mean mRNA expression level of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the shell glands of the Dongxiang blue-shelled hens (n-6) was about 45.8 times more than that of the Dwarf brown-shelled hens (n-6) with the method of real time quantitative PCR. Second, the solution of hemin (40μ mol/ml), which was the inducer of HO-1 expression, was intraperitoneally injected into the Dongxiang blue-shelled hens (n=6), and the saline water (0.68%) was intraperitoneally injected into the control group (n=6), at 1 ml/kg, once a day, for two consecutive days. After injection with hemin solution, one hen in the treatment group laid a very blue egg, and the content of biliverdin in this shell increased to about 3.1 times as compared with before injection of hemin solution. At the same time, the expression level of HO-1 mRNA in the shell gland of this treated hen laid a very blue egg was about 3.0 times the control hens. These results supported our postulation.

Analysis of junction temperature and modification of luminous flux degradation for white LEDs in a thermal accelerated reliability test

An accelerated aging test is the main method in evaluation of the reliability of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and the first goal of this study is to investigate how the junction temperature (Tj) of the LED varies during accelerated aging. The Tj measured by the forward voltage method shows an upward trend over the aging time, which gives a variation about 6°C-8°C after 3,000 h of aging under an ambient temperature of 80°C. The second goal is to investigate how the variation of Tj affects the lifetime estimation. It is verified that at a certain aging stage, as Tj increases, the normalized luminous flux linearly decreases with variation rate of microns (μ) (1/°C). Then, we propose a method to modify the luminous flux degradation with the Tj and μ to meet the requirements of a constant degradation rate in the data fitting. The experimental results show that with the proposed method, the accelerated lifetimes of samples are bigger than that of the current method with increment values from 8.8% to 21.4% in this research.

Disparity between online and offline tests in accelerated aging tests of LED lamps under electric stress

The accelerated aging tests under electric stress for one type of LED lamp are conducted, and the differences between online and offline tests of the degradation of luminous flux are studied in this paper. The transformation of the two test modes is achieved with an adjustable AC voltage stabilized power source. Experimental results show that the exponential fitting of the luminous flux degradation in online tests possesses a higher fitting degree for most lamps, and the degradation rate of the luminous flux by online tests is always lower than that by offline tests. Bayes estimation and Weibull distribution are used to calculate the failure probabilities under the accelerated voltages, and then the reliability of the lamps under rated voltage of 220 V is estimated by use of the inverse power law model. Results show that the relative error of the lifetime estimation by offline tests increases as the failure probability decreases, and it cannot be neglected when the failure probability is less than 1%. The relative errors of lifetime estimation are 7.9%, 5.8%, 4.2%, and 3.5%, at the failure probabilities of 0.1%, 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively.

Determination of cut-off time of accelerated aging test under temperature stress for LED lamps

To acquire a rational minimum cut-off time and the precision of lifetime prediction with respect to cut-off time for the accelerated aging test of LED lamps, fifth-order moving average error estimation is adopted in this paper. Eighteen LED lamps from the same batch are selected for two accelerated aging tests, with 10 samples at 80 °C and eight samples at 85 °C. First, the accelerated lifetime of each lamp is acquired by exponential fitting of the lumen maintenances of the lamp for a certain cut-off time. With the acquired lifetimes of all lamps, the two-parameter Weibull distribution of the failure probability is obtained, and the medium lifetime is calculated. Then, the precision of the medium lifetime prediction for different cut-off times is obtained by moving average error estimation. It is shown that there exists a minimum cut-off time for the accelerated aging test, which can be determined by the variation of the moving average error versus the cut-off time. When the cut-off time is less than this value, the lifetime estimation is irrational. For a given cut-off time, the precision of lifetime prediction can be computed by average error evaluation, and the error of lifetime estimation decreases gradually as the cut-off time increases. The minimum cut-off time and medium lifetime of LED lamps are both sensitive to thermal stress. The minimum cut-off time is 1104 h with the lifetime estimation error of 1.15% for the test at 80 °C, and 936 h with the lifetime estimation error of 1.24% for the test at 85 °C. With the lifetime estimation error of about 0.46%, the median lifetimes are 7310 h and 4598 h for the tests at 80 °C and 85°C, respectively.

Erratum to: Determination of cut-off time of accelerated aging test under temperature stress for LED lamps

In the original version of this article, the second affiliation should be removed, and the correct affiliations are as given above.In the original version of this article, the ORCID for Jian HAO is incorrect. The correct one should be http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2419-2508.

Optical design and fabrication of palm/fingerprint uniform illumination system with a high-power near-infrared light-emitting diode

In order to meet the requirements of uniform illumination for optical palm/fingerprint instruments and overcome the shortcomings of the poor uniform illumination on the working plane of the optical palm/fingerprint prism, a novel secondary optical lens with a free-form surface, compact structure, and high uniformity is presented in this paper. The design of the secondary optical lens is based on emission properties of the near-infrared light-emitting diode (LED) and basic principles of non-imaging optics, especially considering the impact of the thickness of the prism in the design. Through the numerical solution of Snells law in geometric optics, we obtain the profile of the free-form surface of the lens. Using the optical software TracePro, we trace and simulate the illumination system. The results show that the uniformity is 89.8% on the working plane of the prism, and the test results show that the actual uniformity reaches 85.7% in the experiment, which provides an effective way for realizing a highly uniform illumination system with high-power near-infrared LED.