Xiaoyuan Chen

Upconversion nanoparticles: design, nanochemistry, and applications in theranostics.

Applications in Theranostics Guanying Chen,*,†,‡ Hailong Qiu,†,‡ Paras N. Prasad,*,‡,§ and Xiaoyuan Chen* †School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China ‡Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2281, United States

Nanoparticle-based theranostic agents☆

Theranostic nanomedicine is emerging as a promising therapeutic paradigm. It takes advantage of the high capacity of nanoplatforms to ferry cargo and loads onto them both imaging and therapeutic functions. The resulting nanosystems, capable of diagnosis, drug delivery and monitoring of therapeutic response, are expected to play a significant role in the dawning era of personalized medicine, and much research effort has been devoted toward that goal. A convenience in constructing such function-integrated agents is that many nanoplatforms are already, themselves, imaging agents. Their well-developed surface chemistry makes it easy to load them with pharmaceutics and promote them to be theranostic nanosystems. Iron oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles and silica nanoparticles, have been previously well investigated in the imaging setting and are candidate nanoplatforms for building up nanoparticle-based theranostics. In the current article, we will outline the progress along this line, organized by the category of the core materials. We will focus on construction strategies and will discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with this emerging technology.

Light-Triggered Theranostics Based on Photosensitizer-Conjugated Carbon Dots for Simultaneous Enhanced-Fluorescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy

National Key Basic Research Program (973 Project) [2010CB933901, 2011CB933100]; National Natural Scientific Fund [51102258, 20803040, 81028009, 31170961]; New Century Excellent Talent of Ministry of Education of China [NCET-08-0350]; Shanghai Science and Technology Fund [1052nm04100]; Ministry of Education

Biodegradable Gold Nanovesicles with an Ultrastrong Plasmonic Coupling Effect for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy

The hierarchical assembly of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) allows the localized surface plasmon resonance peaks to be engineered to the near-infrared (NIR) region for enhanced photothermal therapy (PTT). Herein we report a novel theranostic platform based on biodegradable plasmonic gold nanovesicles for photoacoustic (PA) imaging and PTT. The disulfide bond at the terminus of a PEG-b-PCL block-copolymer graft enables dense packing of GNPs during the assembly process and induces ultrastrong plasmonic coupling between adjacent GNPs. The strong NIR absorption induced by plasmon coupling and very high photothermal conversion efficiency (η=37%) enable simultaneous thermal/PA imaging and enhanced PTT efficacy with improved clearance of the dissociated particles after the completion of PTT. The assembly of various nanocrystals with tailored optical, magnetic, and electronic properties into vesicle architectures opens new possibilities for the construction of multifunctional biodegradable platforms for biomedical applications.

Single continuous wave laser induced photodynamic/plasmonic photothermal therapy using photosensitizer-functionalized gold nanostars.

Chlorin e6 conjugated gold nanostars (GNS-PEG-Ce6) are used to perform simultaneous photodynamic/plasmonic photothermal therapy (PDT/PPTT) upon single laser irradiation. The early-phase PDT effect is coordinated with the late-phase PPTT effect to obtain synergistic anticancer efficiency. The prepared GNS-PEG-Ce6 shows excellent water dispersibility, good biocompatibility, enhanced cellular uptake and remarkable anticancer efficiency upon irradiation in vivo.

Theranostic nanoplatforms for simultaneous cancer imaging and therapy: current approaches and future perspectives

Theranostics is a concept which refers to the integration of imaging and therapy. As an evolving new field, it is related to but different from traditional imaging and therapeutics. It embraces multiple techniques to arrive at a comprehensive diagnostic, in vivo molecular images and an individualized treatment regimen. More recently, there is a trend of tangling these efforts with emerging materials and nanotechnologies, in an attempt to develop novel platforms and methodologies to tackle practical issues in clinics. In this article, topics of rationally designed nanoparticles for the simultaneous imaging and therapy of cancer will be discussed. Several exemplary nanoparticle platforms such as polymeric nanoparticles, gold nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles and silica nanoparticles will be elaborated on and future challenges of nanoparticle-based systems will be discussed.

Peptides and Peptide Hormones for Molecular Imaging and Disease Diagnosis

Molecular imaging techniques are now indispensable tools in modern diagnostics, because they are highly specific and can provide biological information at the molecular level in living systems.1,2 They have enabled visualization of some of the specific molecular events that play key roles in disease processes, and they have enabled earlier diagnosis, as well as monitoring of therapeutic responses. Various imaging modalities, including positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), optical fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography, and ultrasound imaging are all successfully employed in the field of molecular imaging. Specific imaging is generally created by contrast agents; however, most current clinical imaging remains at the anatomical and macro functional level, due to the low targeting efficiency of such agents. To support the unmet needs for in vivo clinical molecular imaging, there has been considerable interest in investigating the design of highly sensitive and specific molecularly-targeted imaging probes. To date, a large variety of sophisticated imaging probes have been developed by combining various imaging moieties (i.e., radioisotopes, fluorophores, and nanoparticles) and targeting ligands (i.e., small molecules, peptides, proteins, antibodies, as well as cells). These efforts have profoundly impacted the availability of imaging probes and significantly improved the performance of imaging modalities. Several review articles have discussed recent development and applications of molecular imaging probes2-7, particularly the utilization of peptide- and peptide hormone-based imaging probes. An ideal imaging probe would have high affinity and specificity for the target of interest. However, requirements beyond targeting selectivity become determinants for the suitability of probes for in vivo applications, including in vivo metabolic stability, high target-to-background ratio, rapid clearance from non-target tissues, and safety. Furthermore, tolerance and flexibility towards bulky chemical modification are also needed, because imaging probes are often associated with labeling of radioisotopes, fluorophores, and materials such as linkers, polymers, and metals. From a practical standpoint, synthetic peptides have attracted much attention as molecular imaging probes for small molecules and macromolecules.8-10 Recent advances in phage display technology, combinatorial peptide chemistry, and biology have led to the development of robust strategies for the design of peptides as drugs and biological tools, resulting in identification of a rich variety library of bioactive peptide ligands and substrates.11-13 To date, peptides that target a number of disease-related receptors, biomarkers, and the processes of angiogenesis and apoptosis are in place. These peptides reveal high specificity for their target at nanomolar concentrations and have low toxicity. They can be easily synthesized, modified to optimize their binding affinity, and possibly further modified structurally to improve their stability against proteolytic degradation, to increase half-life in circulation, and to enhance capillary permeability. All of these attributes promote penetration into tissue and more effective targeting. Furthermore, established peptide synthesis processes are easy to scale up, and they yield reproducible products with well-defined structures. With the combination of advanced imaging sciences, peptide chemistry, and the increasing availability of animal imaging instruments, various kinds of highly specific peptide-based imaging probes for different imaging modalities have been designed and validated in preclinical and clinical investigations. In the following review, an overview of molecular imaging probes associated with peptides and peptide hormones designed for in vivo applications, including those for nuclear imaging, optical imaging, and MRI, is provided. For the sake of focus, this article will not discuss imaging probes that have been tested only under in vitro cellular conditions, although many of these can be applied in vivo. Key peptides for selective targeting of biological receptors or biomarkers and modification strategies for these peptides will be summarized. Then, the unique concepts, characteristics, and applications of various peptide-based imaging probes will be discussed for each of several modalities.

Applications and Potential Toxicity of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Owing to their unique physical and chemical properties, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have become a powerful platform in many diverse aspects of biomedicine, including magnetic resonance imaging, drug and gene delivery, biological sensing, and hyperthermia. However, the biomedical applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles arouse serious concerns about their pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and toxicity. In this review, the updated research on the biomedical applications and potential toxicity of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles is summarized. Much more effort is required to develop magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with improved biocompatible surface engineering to achieve minimal toxicity, for various applications in biomedicine.

Peptide-based probes for targeted molecular imaging.

Targeted molecular imaging techniques have become indispensable tools in modern diagnostics because they provide accurate and specific diagnosis of disease information. Conventional nonspecific contrast agents suffer from low targeting efficiency; thus, the use of molecularly targeted imaging probes is needed depending on different imaging modalities. Although recent technologies have yielded various strategies for designing smart probes, utilization of peptide-based probes has been most successful. Phage display technology and combinatorial peptide chemistry have profoundly impacted the pool of available targeting peptides for the efficient and specific delivery of imaging labels. To date, selected peptides that target a variety of disease-related receptors and biomarkers are in place. These targeting peptides can be coupled with the appropriate imaging moieties or nanoplatforms on demand with the help of sophisticated bioconjugation or radiolabeling techniques. This review article examines the current trends in peptide-based imaging probes developed for in vivo applications. We discuss the advantage of and challenges in developing peptide-based probes and summarize current systems with respect to their unique design strategies and applications.

Reactive oxygen species generating systems meeting challenges of photodynamic cancer therapy

The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanism is the major cause underlying the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The PDT procedure is based on the cascade of synergistic effects between light, a photosensitizer (PS) and oxygen, which greatly favors the spatiotemporal control of the treatment. This procedure has also evoked several unresolved challenges at different levels including (i) the limited penetration depth of light, which restricts traditional PDT to superficial tumours; (ii) oxygen reliance does not allow PDT treatment of hypoxic tumours; (iii) light can complicate the phototherapeutic outcomes because of the concurrent heat generation; (iv) specific delivery of PSs to sub-cellular organelles for exerting effective toxicity remains an issue; and (v) side effects from undesirable white-light activation and self-catalysation of traditional PSs. Recent advances in nanotechnology and nanomedicine have provided new opportunities to develop ROS-generating systems through photodynamic or non-photodynamic procedures while tackling the challenges of the current PDT approaches. In this review, we summarize the current status and discuss the possible opportunities for ROS generation for cancer therapy. We hope this review will spur pre-clinical research and clinical practice for ROS-mediated tumour treatments.