nqiang Xi

Domesticated honey bees evolutionarily reduce flower nectar volume in a Tibetan lotus

Plants have evolved costly flowering traits, including the provisioning of rich nectar, to attract and reward their pollinators. Beekeeping (apiculture) locally increases densities of honey bees, which might drive economization of pollinator-attracting traits, but the potential evolutionary consequences of beekeeping on plant–pollinator interactions remain unknown. Here, we present evidence suggesting that intensive apiculture has driven the rapid evolution of plant traits in the alpine lotus (Saussurea nigrescens) on the Tibetan Plateau by allowing reduced nectar volume provisioning without compromising pollination success. This conclusion is supported by measurements of reproductive and vegetative traits, including nectar, at sites of varying distance from apiaries that have housed introduced honey bees (Apis mellifera) since the early 1980s. Nectar volume was more than 60% lower at sites close to apiaries than at more distant sites, while nectar concentration remained consistent. When seedlings from field sites were grown under common garden conditions, trends in nectar volume identical to those in the field were observed, indicating that recently evolved genetic differences likely underlie patterns observed in the field. The adaptive advantage of reduced nectar volume under high pollinator density was clear in both the field and in the common garden. Specifically, plants from sites close to apiaries were taller, had more aboveground biomass, and produced more flowers and seeds compared to those at distant sites, which is consistent with the tradeoffs between nectar volume per flower and flower number per inflorescence within sites. The evolution of reduced nectar volume suggested by our results shows that the widespread practice of beekeeping might be a strong selective agent acting on wild plant populations and illustrates that human activities may indirectly affect evolution by changing critical species interactions.

Soil drainage facilitates earthworm invasion and subsequent carbon loss from peatland soil

1. Human activities have been a significant driver of environmental changes with tremendous consequences for carbon dynamics. Peatlands are critical ecosystems because they store ~30% of the global soil organic carbon pool and are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic changes. The Zoige peatland on the eastern Tibet Plateau, as the largest alpine peatland in the world, accounts for 1‰ of global peat soil organic carbon storage. However, this peatland has experienced dramatic climate change including increased temperature and reduced precipitation in the past decades, which likely is responsible for a decline of the water table and facilitated earthworm invasion, two major factors reducing soil organic carbon (SOC) storage of peatlands. 2. Because earthworms are often more active in low- than in high- moisture peatlands, we hypothesized that the simultaneous occurrence of water table decline and earthworm invasion would synergistically accelerate the release of SOC from peatland soil. We conducted a field experiment with a paired split-plot design, i.e. presence vs. absence of the invasive earthworms (Pheretima aspergillum) nested in drained vs. undrained plots, respectively, for three years within the homogenous Zoige peatland. 3. Water table decline significantly decreased soil water content and bulk density, resulting in a marked reduction of SOC storage. Moreover, consistent with our hypothesis, earthworm presence dramatically reduced SOC in the drained but not in the undrained peatland through the formation of deep burrows and decreasing bulk density of the lower soil layer over three years. The variation in SOC likely was due to changes in aboveground plant biomass, root growth, and earthworm behavior induced by the experimental treatments. 4. Synthesis and applications. We suggest that incentive measures should be taken to prevent further water table decline and earthworm invasion for maintaining the soil C pool in Zoige peatland. Artificial filling of drainage canals should be implemented to increase the water table level, facilitating the recovery of drained peatlands. Moreover, the dispersal of earthworms and their cocoons attached to the roots of crop plants and tree saplings from low-lying areas to the Zoige region should be controlled and restricted.

Experimental warming and precipitation interactively modulate the mortality rate and timing of spring emergence of a gallmaking Tephritid fly.

Global climate change is mostly characterized by temperature increase and fluctuating precipitation events, which may affect the spring phenology and mortality rate of insects. However, the interaction effect of temperature and precipitation on species performance has rarely been examined. Here we studied the response of the gall-making Tephritid fly Urophora stylata (Diptera: Tephritidae) to artificial warming, changes in precipitation, and the presence of galls. Our results revealed a significant interaction effect of warming, precipitation, and galls on the life-history traits of the focal species. Specifically, when the galls were intact, warming had no effect on the phenology and increased the mortality of the fly under decreased precipitation, but it significantly advanced the timing of adult emergence and had no effect on the mortality under increased precipitation. When galls were removed, warming significantly advanced the timing of emergence and increased fly mortality, but precipitation showed no effect on the phenology and mortality. In addition, gall removal significantly increased adult fresh mass for both females and males. Our results indicate that the effect of elevated temperature on the performance of species may depend on other environmental conditions, such as variations in precipitation, and species traits like the formation of galls.

Do Species with Large Capitula Suffer Higher Rates of Predispersal Seed Loss than Species with Small Capitula? A Field Survey of 34 Asteraceae Species in an Alpine Meadow

Premise of research. Capitulum (flowerhead) size varies widely across Asteraceae species, even within the same community. Previous work has suggested that capitulum variation among species results from the contrasting selection processes by pollinators for larger capitulum and by predispersal seed (achene) predators for smaller capitulum. However, this explanation is contested by the finding across Asteraceae that seed loss rate per infested capitulum is lower in species with large capitula, such that large capitula do not necessarily suffer higher overall seed loss compared to species with small capitula. Methodology. We measured the capitulum size, seed size, plant aboveground biomass, seed loss per infested capitulum, and capitula infestation rates for 34 Asteraceae species in an alpine meadow to determine whether there is a capitulum size-dependent effect on overall predispersal seed loss. Pivotal results. The data show that the seed loss rate per infested capitulum decreased (but capitula infestation rate increased) with increasing capitulum size. Nevertheless, at the species level, the overall predispersal seed loss rate (seed loss rate per infested capitulum × capitula infestation rate) was higher in species with larger capitula compared to those with smaller capitula. The disadvantage of producing larger capitula was partly compensated for by the competitive advantage conferred by producing large individual seeds and greater aboveground biomass. Conclusions. Species with large capitula suffer higher rates of overall predispersal seed loss, which is consistent with the hypothesis that predispersal seed predators affect capitulum size. We suggest that biological interactions between plants and animals (e.g., pollinators and seed predators) contribute to the great diversity of capitulum size among Asteraceae species.

Differential responses of body growth to artificial warming between parasitoids and hosts and the consequences for plant seed damage

Temperature increase may disrupt trophic interactions by differentially changing body growth of the species involved. In this study, we tested whether the response of body growth to artificial warming (~2.2 °C) of a solitary koinobiont endo-parasitoid wasp (Pteromalus albipennis, Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) differed from its main host tephritid fly (Tephritis femoralis, Diptera: Tephritidae; pre-dispersal seed predator), and whether the plant seed damage caused by wasp-parasitized and unparasitized maggots (larval flies) were altered by warming. In contrast to the significant and season-dependent effects of warming on body growth of the host tephritid fly reported in one of our previous studies, the effect of artificial warming on body growth was non-significant on the studied wasp. Moreover, the warming effect on seed damage due to unparasitized maggots was significant and varied with season, but the damage by parasitized maggots was not altered by warming. Distinct responses of body growth to warming between parasitoids studied here and hosts assessed in a previous study indicate that temperature increase may differentially affect life history traits of animals along food chains, which is likely to affect trophic interactions.