Xiufeng Long

Sphingobacterium griseoflavum sp. nov., isolated from the insect Teleogryllus occipitalis living in deserted cropland.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterial strain, designated SCU-B140T, was isolated from the insect Teleogryllus occipitalis. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain SCU-B140T belonged to the genus Sphingobacterium. Sphingobacterium bambusae KCTC 22814T (97.87 %) was identified as the most closely related phylogenetic neighbour of strain SCU-B140T. The novel strain was able to grow at salt concentrations of 0-4 % (w/v), at temperatures of 10-40 °C, and at a pH of 6.0-9.0. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c), C16 : 0, C16 : 0 3-OH, C18 : 0 and C14 : 0. The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, three unknown aminophospholipids, an unknown glycolipid and three unknown polar lipids. MK-7 was the major isoprenoid quinone. The DNA G+C content was 41.2 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness value between SCU-B140T and S. bambusae KCTC 22814T was found to be 30.15 %. According to these results, strain SCU-B140T represents a novel species of the genus Sphingobacterium, for which the name Sphingobacterium griseoflavum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SCU-B140T ( = KCTC 42158T = CGMCC 1.12966T).

Comparative analysis of chemical constituents, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of ethylacetate extracts of Polygonum cuspidatum and its endophytic actinomycete, Streptomyces sp. A0916

The present study investigated the chemical composition of ethylacetate extracts from an endophytic actinomycete Streptomyces sp. A0916 and its host Polygonum cuspidatum. A comparative analysis of the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the extracts was also conducted. 32 compounds of P. cuspidatum and 23 compounds of Streptomyces sp. A0916 were isolated and identified by GC/MS. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated using eight microbial strains (3 Gram-positive bacteria, 3 Gram-negative bacteria, and 2 fungi). The Streptomyces sp. A0916 extracts showed a wide range of antimicrobial activities and presented greater antimicrobial effectiveness than the P. cuspidatum extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Streptomyces sp. A0916 extracts against the ampicillin-resistant strain Enterococcus faecium SIIA843 was 32 μg·mL(-1). Furthermore, the extracts had greater antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the Streptomyces sp. A0916 extracts was equal to that of the P. cuspidatum extracts. In conclusion, our results suggest that the endophytic actinomycetes of the medicinal plants are an important source of bioactive substances.

Paracoccusacridae sp. nov., isolated from the insect Acrida cinerea living in deserted cropland

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterial strain, designated SCU-M53T, was isolated from the insect Acrida cinerea. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SCU-M53T belonged to the genus Paracoccus, having Paracoccus chinensisNBRC 104937T (97.04 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Paracoccus niistensis KCTC 22789T (96.70 %) as the most closely related phylogenetic neighbours. Growth occurred at 10-40 °C (optimum 25-30 °C), pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum pH 6.5-7.5) and with 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0-1 % NaCl). The fatty acids of strain SCU-M53T were C18 : 1ω7c, C18 : 0, C16 : 0, C14 : 0 3-OH, C14 : 0 and C10 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, an unknown aminolipid, two unknown phospholipids and two unknown lipids. The isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10. The DNA G+C content was 60.6 mol%. Strain SCU-M53T exhibited 36.5 and 28.6 % DNA-DNA relatedness to P. chinensis NBRC 104937T and P. niistensis KCTC 22789T, respectively. According to these results, strain SCU-M53T represents a novel species of the genus Paracoccus, for which the name Paracoccus acridae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SCU-M53T (=KCTC 42932T=CGMCC 1.15419T).

Erwinia teleogrylli sp. nov., a Bacterial Isolate Associated with a Chinese Cricket.

A bacterial isolate (SCU-B244T) was obtained in China from crickets (Teleogryllus occipitalis) living in cropland deserted for approximately 10 years. The isolated bacteria were Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase-negative rods. A preliminary analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the strain belongs to either the genus Erwinia or Pantoea. Analysis of multilocus sequence typing based on concatenated partial atpD, gyrB and infB gene sequences and physiological and biochemical characteristics indicated that the strain belonged to the genus Erwinia, as member of a new species as it was distinct from other known Erwinia species. Further analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed SCU-B244T to have 94.71% identity to the closest species of that genus, Erwinia oleae (DSM 23398T), which is below the threshold of 97% used to discriminate bacterial species. DNA-DNA hybridization results (5.78±2.52%) between SCU-B244T and Erwinia oleae (DSM 23398T) confirmed that SCU-B244T and Erwinia oleae (DSM 23398T) represent different species combined with average nucleotide identity values which range from 72.42% to 74.41. The DNA G+C content of SCU-B244T was 55.32 mol%, which also differs from that of Erwinia oleae (54.7 to 54.9 mol%). The polyphasic taxonomic approach used here confirmed that the strain belongs to the Erwinia group and represents a novel species. The name Erwinia teleogrylli sp. nov. is proposed for this novel taxon, for which the type strain is SCU-B244T (= CGMCC 1.12772T = DSM 28222T = KCTC 42022T).

Planococcus salinus sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a saline-alkali soil

A novel aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, motile, moderately halophilic and coccoid bacterial strain, designated LCB217T, was isolated from a saline-alkali soil in north-western China and identified using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Growth occurred with 3-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 3-5 %), at 10-45 °C (optimum 30 °C) and at pH 7.0-9.0 (optimum pH 9.0). Strain LCB217T contained MK-7 and MK-8 as the predominant menaquinones and anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The polar lipids from strain LCB217T consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, one unidentified phospholipid, one unidentified aminophospholipid and one unidentified lipid. The peptidoglycan type was A4α (l-Lys-d-Glu). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain LCB217T belonged to the genus Planococcus and was closely related to the type strains Planococcus plakortidis AS/ASP6 (II)T (98.2 % similarity), Planococcus maitriensis S1T (97.7 %) and Planococcus salinarum ISL-16T (97.2 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 49.4 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain LCB217T andPlanococcusplakortidis AS/ASP6 (II)T, Planococcusmaitriensis S1T andPlanococcussalinarum ISL-16T were 29.5, 38.1 and 39.5 %, respectively. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic data, strain LCB217T represents a novel species of the genus Planococcus, for which the name Planococcus salinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LCB217T (=CGMCC 1.15685T=KCTC 33861T).

Adaptations of Bacillus shacheensis HNA-14 required for long-term survival under osmotic challenge: a multi-omics perspective

Genomic sequence, transcriptomic, metabolomic and fatty acid analyses of strain HNA-14 were performed to understand the mechanism of salt tolerance for long-term survival. The results indicated that strain HNA-14 has different osmotic resistance mechanisms for long-term survival and short-term salt stress. The cells mainly synthesized compatible solutes to resist osmotic pressure when cultured under nutrient deficient conditions, while they can slow down the synthesis rate and uptake from the environment when cultured under a nutritionally rich environment. Also, the amounts of branched and unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane are maintained to a high degree (>50%) to maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane; when the cells are cultured in a high osmotic environment for long-term survival, they may increase the content of branched fatty acids and phosphoric fatty acids to increase the fluidity of the cell membrane to resist the high osmotic pressure.

Ornithinibacillus salinisoli sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a saline-alkali soil

A taxonomic study was performed on strain LCB256T, which was isolated from a saline-alkali soil sample taken from northwestern China. Cells of strain LCB256T were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped and grew at 3-17 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 10-15 %), 10-52 °C (optimum 25-30 °C) and pH 7.0-9.0 (optimum 8.0). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain LCB256T was most closely related to the two genera of Ornithinibacillus and Oceanobacillus, showing highest sequence similarity to Oceanobacillus limi KCTC 13823T (97.8 %) and Ornithinibacillus bavariensis WSBC 24001T (97.2 %). The peptidoglycan amino acid type was found to be A4β and the major respiratory quinone was determined to be MK-7. The polar lipid profile of strain LCB256T contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified aminolipids. The dominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 39.3 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain LCB256T and Ornithinibacillus halophilus KCTC 13822T and Oceanobacillus limi KCTC 13823T were 46.2 and 34.8 %, respectively. Based on this polyphasic taxonomic study, a novel species of the genus Ornithinibacillus, Ornithinibacillussalinisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LCB256T (=CGMCC 1.15809T=KCTC 33862T).

Halomonas saliphila sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a saline soil

A novel, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile and moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain LCB169T, was isolated from a saline soil sample from Gansu Province, PR China. The cells of LCB169T grew at 10-52 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum pH 8.0) and in the presence of 0-17 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 10-15 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and concatenated 16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoD genes sequences revealed that LCB169T represented a member of the genus Halomonas in the class Gammaproteobacteria. The most closely related species were Halomonas daqingensis DQD2-30T (98.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Halomonas kenyensis AIR-2T (97.8 %) and Halomonas desiderata FB2T (97.5 %). DNA-DNA relatedness values between LCB169T and H. daqingensis CGMCC 1.6443T, H. desiderata DSM 9502T and H. kenyensis DSM 17331T were 33, 35 and 38 %, respectively. The polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and three unidentified phospholipids. The major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c and C12 : 0 3-OH. The genomic DNA G+C content was 66.1 mol% and the predominant respiratory quinone was Q-9. On the basis of the results of phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyses and DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness values, LCB169T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas saliphila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LCB169T (=CGMCC 1.15818T=KCTC 52618T).

Streptomyces geranii sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated from root of Geranium carolinianum L.

A novel endophytic actinomycete, designated A301T, was isolated from the root of Geranium carolinianum Linn collected from Mount Emei in China and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C, pH 6-11 and in the presence of 0-5 % NaCl (w/v). Strain A301T contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The whole-cell hydrolysates included galactose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). The major cellular fatty acids were C15 : 0, C16 :  0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids, three unidentified lipids and two unidentified aminophospholipids. Strain A301T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Streptomyces cinereorubersubsp. fructofermentans NBRC 15396T (98.1 %) and Streptomyces turgidiscabies ATCC 700248T (98.1 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain A301T and the two above-mentioned members of the genus Streptomyces were 42.6 % and 47.2 %, respectively. The G+C content of the DNA was 70.5 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic approach and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain A301T represents a novel species within the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces geranii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A301T (=CGMCC 4.7422T=JCM 32177T).

Streptomyces populi sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated from stem of Populus adenopoda Maxim

A novel endophytic actinobacterium strain, designated A249T, was isolated from the stem of Populus adenopoda collected at Mount Qingcheng in south-west China. Its taxonomic position was determined by using a polyphasic approach. The cultural and morphological characteristics of isolate A249T were consistent with members of the genus Streptomyces. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C, pH 6.0-12.0 and in the presence of 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic trees showed the closest phylogenetic relatives to strain A249T were Streptomyces shaanxiensis JCM 16925T (98.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Streptomyces lanatus JCM 4332T (97.9 %). The DNA-DNA hybridization values between the strain A249T and the two reference strains ranged from 41.4 to 49.4 %. The DNA G+C content was 71.7 mol%. The range of average nucleotide identity values was 81.5-86.7 %. Chemical analysis of cellular components indicated that strain A249T contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, xylose and galactose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified lipids, one unidentified phospholipid, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified aminophospholipid. The major fatty acids comprised C16 : 0, iso-C14 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c. On the basis of the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of the three tested strains, isolate A249T is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, named Streptomyces populi sp. nov. The type strain is A249T (=CGMCC 4.7417T=JCM 32175T).