Xu Mingmei

Examining the crossover from the hadronic to partonic phase in QCD.

It is argued that, due to the existence of two vacua — perturbative and physical — in QCD, the mechanism for the crossover from hadronic to partonic phase is hard to construct. The challenge is: how to realize the transition between the two vacua during the gradual crossover of the two phases. A possible solution of this problem is proposed and a mechanism for crossover, consistent with the principle of QCD, is constructed. The essence of this mechanism is the appearance and growing up of a kind of grape-shape perturbative vacuum inside the physical one. A dynamical percolation model based on a simple dynamics for the delocalization of partons is constructed to exhibit this mechanism. The crossover from hadronic matter to sQGP as well as the transition from sQGP to wQGP in the increasing of temperature is successfully described by using this model with a temperature dependent parameter.

Liquid property of sQGP obtained from a bond percolation model with color confinement

Liquid properties of the strongly coupled quark–gluon plasma (sQGP) during the intermediate stage and after the end of crossover from hadronic matter to sQGP are studied using a bond percolation model. A method to calculate the pair distribution function with respect to the chemical distance is developed. The shape of the corresponding pair distribution functions turns out to exhibit the character of liquid.

Centrality and energy dependence of rapidity correlation patterns in relativistic heavy ion collisions

The centrality and energy dependence of rapidity correlation patterns are studied in Au+Au collisions by using AMPT with string melting, RQMD and UrQMD models. The behaviors of the short-range correlation (SRC) and the long-range correlation (LRC) are presented clearly by two spatial-position dependent correlation patterns. For centrality dependence, UrQMD and RQMD give similar results as those in AMPT, i.e., in most central collisions, the correlation structure is flatter and the correlation range is larger, which indicates a long range rapidity correlation. A long range rapidity correlation showing up in RQMD and UrQMD implies that parton interaction is not the only source of long range rapidity correlations. For energy dependence, AMPT with string melting and RQMD show quite different results. The correlation patterns in RQMD at low collision energies and those in AMPT at high collision energies have similar structures, i.e. a convex curve, while the correlation patterns in RQMD at high collision energies and those in AMPT at low collision energies show flat structures, having no position dependence. Long range rapidity correlation presents itself at high energy and disappears at low energy in RQMD, which also indicates that long range rapidity correlations may come from some trivial effects, rather than the parton interactions.

System size in relativistic heavy ion collisions

System size is more than a geometrical quantity in relativistic heavy ion collisions; it is closely related to evolution process, i.e. a different system size corresponds to a different evolution process, and whether QGP is produced depends on the system size. We propose that the system size should be under the same level when comparing the measurements from different colliding nuclei. The equivalence of the peripheral collisions of Au-Au and the central collisions of smaller nuclei is studied using the Monte Carlo method. Comparing the transverse overlapping area of the colliding nuclei, the number of participant nucleons and the number of nucleon-nucleon binary collisions in various colliding nuclei, we give an estimate of the correspondence in system size. This is helpful in the experimental comparison of the measurements from different colliding nuclei.

Characterizing variable for the critical point in momentum space

The possible experimentally observable signal in momentum space for the critical point, which is free from the contamination of statistical fluctuations, is discussed. It is shown that the higher order scaled moment of transverse momentum can serve as an appropriate signal for the critical point, provided the transverse momentum distribution has a sudden change when energy increases passing through this point. A 2-D percolation model with a linear temperature gradient is constructed to check this suggestion. A sudden change of third order scaled moment of transverse momentum is observed.

Critical behavior of a dynamical percolation model

The critical behavior of the dynamical percolation model, which realizes the molecular-aggregation conception and describes the crossover between the hadronic phase and the partonic phase, is studied in detail. The critical percolation distance for this model is obtained by using the probability P∞ of the appearance of an infinite cluster. Utilizing the finite-size scaling method the critical exponents γ/ν and τ are extracted from the distribution of the average cluster size and cluster number density. The influences of two model related factors, i.e. the maximum bond number and the definition of the infinite cluster, on the critical behavior are found to be small.

Critical phenomena in a disc-percolation model and their application to relativistic heavy ion collisions

By studying the critical phenomena in continuum-percolation of discs, we find a new approach to locate the critical point, i.e. using the inflection point of P∞ as an evaluation of the percolation threshold. The susceptibility, defined as the derivative of P∞, possesses a finite-size scaling property, where the scaling exponent is the reciprocal of v, the critical exponent of the correlation length. A possible application of this approach to the study of the critical phenomena in relativistic heavy ion collisions is discussed. The critical point for deconfinement can be extracted by the inflection point of PQGP — the probability for the event with QGP formation. The finite-size scaling of its derivative can give the critical exponent v, which is a rare case that can provide an experimental measure of a critical exponent in heavy ion collisions.Through studying the critical phenomena in continuum-percolation of discs, we find a new approach to locate the critical point, i.e. using the inflection point of P∞ as an evaluation of the percolation threshold. The susceptibility, defined as the derivative of P∞, possess finite-size scaling property, where the scaling exponent is the reciprocal of ν — the critical exponent of correlation length. The possible application of this approach to the study of the critical phenomena in relativistic heavy ion collisions is discussed. The critical point for deconfinement can be extracted by the inflection point of PQGP — the probability for the event with QGP formation. The finite-size scaling of its derivative can give the critical exponent ν, which is a rare case that can provide an experimental measure of a critical exponent in heavy ion collisions.

A Measure for Isotropy-Equilibrium Degree of a Multi-Particle System

Aiming at using sphericity as a tool to study the isotropy-equilibrium property of a multi-particle system, in particular the hadronic final state IFS produced in instanton-induced DIS events, we discuss in detail the dependence of sphericity on multiplicity and the multiplicity distribution, as well as on the isotropy degree of the system. A rotational symmetric model with a fluctuating isotropy-degree is constructed, which can fit the mean and width of sphericity of the Monte Carlo IFS-results simultaneously The IFS from the Monte Carlo simulation is found to be not ideally isotropic but has a probability of 4.7% to be isotropic within error of 5%. The results provide us a description of how far the IFS departs from equilibrium. The method developed is applicable to any Monte Carlo generated multi-particle system, for which the isotropy-equilibrium property is significant.

Entropy and equilibrium property of QCD-instanton induced final state in deep-inelastic scattering *

The scaling and additivity properties of Renyi entropy in rapidity space of the instanton final state (IFS) and current jet identified by the r-sorting method from the QCDINS Monte Carlo event sample are studied. Asymptotic scaling of the Renyi entropy H2 is observed for the IFS while H2 for the current jet tends to saturation with decreasing phase space scale. Furthermore, it is found that the additivity of H2 holds well for the IFS in narrow rapidity windows at different positions. These results indicate that the IFS produced in the instanton-induced process of deep inelastic scattering has reached local equilibrium.

SOME DISCUSSIONS INSPIRED BY THE FLUCTUATION OF SINGLE-EVENT pt DISTRIBUTION

Starting from the assumption that it is the single-event pt distribution, not only the event-wise Mpt , fluctuates E-by-E, we discuss the relation between the variance of Mpt and the two-particle pt correlation. An evaluation of statistical fluctuation is given. For an example, we use an exponential single-event pt distribution to extract E-by-E dynamical fluctuation of single-event pt distribution from experimental data.