Xueyi Li

Treatment of foot disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells: response and correction of immunological anomalies.

This study was designed to evaluate the distribution of Tregs/Th17/Th1 cells in type 2 diabetic patients with foot disease before and after human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell (hUCB-MSCs) transplantation. Fifteen diabetic patients with foot disease under insulin therapy received hUCB-MSC transplantation. The hUCB-MSCs were directly injected into the quadriceps thigh muscles in patients with foot disease (cell quantity at 2 x 10⁶ per point). Physical attributes, blood cytokines, blood glucose and insulin dosage were evaluated before treatment and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks thereafter. The ratios of Treg/Th17, Treg/Th1, and Th17/Th1 cells were measured using flow cytometry and their correlation with various cytokines (FoxP3, IL-17, INF-γ, C-RP, TNF-α, and VEGF) was scrutinized. Levels of blood glucose and insulin dosage were significantly reduced in all 15 patients following hUCB-MSC transplantation. The ratios of CD4⁺CD25(hi)FoxP3⁺ Treg/Th17 and CD4⁺CD25(hi)FoxP3⁺ Treg/Th1 cells were significantly increased 4 weeks after transplantation (p < 0.01), while the ratio of Th17/Th1 cells remained unchanged. Serum levels of VEGF peaked at 4 weeks following transplantation. Levels of C-RP and TNF-α were significantly reduced 4 weeks after transplantation. Intriguingly, the ratios of Treg/Th17 were positively correlated with VEGF levels, and were inversely correlated with plasma IL-6 levels. Our data indicated that immune disorders are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes and its complications. Levels of blood glucose and required insulin dosage were reduced after hUCB-MSC transplantation accompanied with improved clinical profiles in diabetic patients. These data favor a role for Treg cells in the onset and progression of T2D.

CD147 up-regulates calcium-induced chemotaxis, adhesion ability and invasiveness of human neutrophils via a TRPM-7-mediated mechanism

OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate whether CD147 can up-regulate the chemotactic, adhesive and invasive properties of human neutrophils and to determine the mechanism underlying this process. METHODS Human promyelocytic leukaemia cells (HL-60) cells and peripheral blood or synovial fluid neutrophils were isolated from RA patients. Under cyclophilin A (CypA) stimulation, chemotaxis, adhesion potential and invasion ability were assessed using chemotaxis, adhesion and invasiveness assays. Lipid raft isolation and western blot were used to determine the mechanism underlying the effects of CypA stimulation. RESULTS CD147 up-regulates the calcium-induced chemotaxis, adhesion ability and invasiveness of human neutrophils in RA patients. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 may be responsible for this phenomenon. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that in RA patients, abundant CypA up-regulates the calcium-induced chemotactic, adhesive and invasive properties of neutrophils via direct binding to CD147. Cyclophilin-CD147 interactions might contribute to the destruction of cartilage and bone in RA.

Platelets induce a proinflammatory phenotype in monocytes via the CD147 pathway in rheumatoid arthritis

IntroductionActivated platelets exert a proinflammatory action that can be largely ascribed to their ability to interact with monocytes. However, the mechanisms that promote dynamic changes in monocyte subsets in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have not been clearly identified. The aim of this study was to determine whether platelet activation and the consequent formation of monocyte-platelet aggregates (MPA) might induce a proinflammatory phenotype in circulating monocytes in RA.MethodsThe surface phenotype of platelets and the frequencies of monocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of RA patients were determined using flow cytometry. Platelets were sorted and co-cultured with monocytes. In addition, monocyte activation was assessed by measuring the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. The disease activity was evaluated using the 28-joint disease activity score.ResultsPlatelet activation, circulating intermediate monocytes (Mon2) and MPA formation were significantly elevated in RA, especially in those with active disease status. Furthermore, Mon2 monocytes showed higher CD147 expression and responded to direct cell contact with activated platelets with higher cytokine production and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) secretion, which increased the expression of CD147. After the addition of specific antibodies for CD147, those effects were abolished. Furthermore, the NF-κB-driven inflammatory pathway may be involved in this process.ConclusionsThese findings indicate an important role of platelet activation and the consequent formation of MPA in the generation of the proinflammatory cytokine milieu and for the promotion and maintenance of the pathogenically relevant Mon2 monocyte compartment in RA, which is likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity.

Kinetic changes of regulatory B10 cells in collagen-induced arthritis could be regulated by cytokines IFN-γ and TGF-β1

ObjectiveThe status of B10 cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been consistently reported. In this study, we observed the kinetic changes of the B10 cells in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice and the influence of multiple cytokines on the B10 cells to investigate the potential mechanism underlying the changes of B10 cells.MethodsThe kinetic changes of frequency and function of the CD19+CD1dhiCD5+ cells in splenic cells were observed during the complete progress of CIA mice. The kinetic changes of cytokines IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-γ and TGF-β1 were also detected. Then influence of these cytokines on the status of B10 cells was investigated both in vitro and in vivo.ResultsThe frequency and suppressive ability of the CD19+CD1dhiCD5+ cells increased to its peak on the 14th day while gradually decreased subsequently. IFN-γ showed a similar tendency with the CD19+CD1dhiCD5+ cells, whereas IL-6, IL-17A, IL-18, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 reached its peak on the 28–35th day. In addition, IFN-γ up-regulated while TGF-β1 down-regulated the frequency and function of the CD19+CD1dhiCD5+ cells both in vitro and in vivo.ConclusionThe B10 cells in CIA mice could be regulated by IFN-γ and TGF-β1, suggesting that the status of B10 cells in RA may be influenced by the balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, and the impaired B10 cells could be recovered in vitro by adequate treatment before being used for a therapeutic method in clinical practice.

Simultaneous detection of DNA synthesis, activation and cytokine secretion in collagen II (250–270)-activated T lymphocytes by flow cytometry

T cell activation and secretion of cytokines from activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in culture have traditionally been measured by 3H‐thymidine incorporation for assessment of cell proliferation. However, this method has many disadvantages that limit its usage in analyzing antigen‐specific T responses, because of the low specific frequencies of the cells. Collagen II (250–270) may be an important autoantigen involved in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To further study the specific T cells response to CII 250–270, we developed an improved method for measuring lymphocyte proliferation and activation, and intracellular cytokine production, by flow cytometry at the single cell level. BrdU, an analog of thymidine, was incorporated into cellular DNA as a marker of individual cell proliferation. The cells were fixed and permeabilized, and a monoclonal antibody against BrdU conjugated with a fluorescent dye was used to measure BrdU incorporation. A Tris staining technique for the simultaneous determination of cell surface activation markers (CD69 or CD25) and intracellular cytokine production was also used and the parameters were assessed by 3‐color flow cytometry. Optimal conditions were selected to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the assays. This method allowed simultaneous detection of lymphocytic DNA synthesis, phenotype analysis and cytokine production at the single cell level, and thus it may be a useful tool for analyzing immune responses.

The expression and significance of CD28, Ctla-4, CD80 and CD86 in ankylosing spondylitis were also stimulated

Objective: To explore the expression and significance of CD28, ctla-4, CD80 and CD86 in ankylosing spondylitis. Methods: Flow cytometry was used to test in January 2016-January 2017 in our hospital was 73 cases of ankylosing spondylitis patients and 40 normal controls CD28, CTLA 4, CD80 and CD86 weeks outside expression in lymphocytes. By ELISA method, the lgA serum immunoglobulin IgG, IgM and hypersensitive c-reactive protein (hs CRP) and blood sedimentation (ESR) levels, and to explore, CD80, CD86 and CD28, CTLA - 4, age, duration of the hs CRP, ESR, Bath AS functional index (BASFI) and Bath AS measurement index (BASMI) relevance. Results: The levels of CD28, ctla-4, CD80 and CD86 were significantly higher in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (P<0.05). The levels of IgG and IgA in patients with ankylosing spondylitis were higher than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The CD28 level of peripheral blood was positively correlated with ESR and BASFI index (P<0.05), which was negatively correlated with hs-crp and BASMI index (P<0.05). The ctla-4 has negative correlation with ESR, hs-crp and BASMI index (P<0.05), and has no relationship with the BASFI index. CD80 was negatively correlated with ESR, BASFI index and BASMI index (P<0.05), and had no relationship with hs-crp. CD80 has positive correlation with hs-crp and BASMI index (P<0.05), which has no relation with ESR and BASFI index. Conclusion: The patients with ankylosing spondylitis is a total stimulus molecular CD28, CTLA 4, higher CD80, CD86 clear expression, the body is in a state of immune activation, has close relationship with immune dysfunction, monitoring peripheral CD28, CTLA 4, CD80, CD86 level is helpful for the early detection of disease, determine the illness treatment strategy.

Urinary Albumin Levels are Independently Associated with Renal Lesion Severity in Patients with Lupus Nephritis and Little orNo Proteinuria

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) leads to renal lesions, which may be clinically silent in patients with little or no proteinuria. Early detection of these lesions may improve prognosis, but early markers are controversial. This study aimed to determine renal marker proteins associated with renal lesion severity in patients with lupus nephropathy (LN) and little or no proteinuria. Material/Methods Patients with LN and little or no proteinuria (<0.5 g/24 hours) (n=187) that underwent kidney biopsy were grouped according to: low severity (Class I or II; n=116) versus high severity (Class III, IV, or V; n=71). Disease status was determined according to the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI). Renal marker proteins (serum β2-macroglobulin, urinary β2-macroglobulin, albumin, IgG, and α1-macroglobulin) were measured using radioimmunoassay. Results Compared with the low severity group, patients in the high severity group had higher urinary albumin (11.60±8.94 versus 7.08±10.07 μg/mL, p=0.008) and urinary IgG (13.21±9.35 versus 8.74±8.90 μg/mL, p=0.007) levels. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that urinary albumin (odds ratio (OR)=1.417, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.145–1.895, p=0.001) and SLEDAI (OR=2.004, 95% CI: 1.264–3.178, p=0.003) were independently associated with severe renal lesions in these patients. Using an optimal cutoff point of urinary albumin of 7.53 μg/mL resulted in 67% sensitivity and 82% specificity for the detection of high severity renal lesions. Conclusions Urinary albumin levels and SLEDAI were independently associated with histological severity of renal lesions in patients with LN and little or no proteinuria. These parameters could be used to help select patients for renal biopsy.

Characteristics of regulatory B10 cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with different disease status

In the present study, the frequency and function of B10 cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was examined. A total of 24 healthy controls and 97 patients with RA were enrolled in the present study. Among the 75 patients with an active disease status, 51 patients received either no treatment or were treated with non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) only, while 24 patients underwent a disease relapse. Flow cytometry was used to assess the frequency of CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) interleukin (IL)‑10(+) cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide plus CD40L for 48 h, followed by re‑stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin for 5 h. The correlation of CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi)IL‑10(+)‑cell frequency with clinical/laboratory characteristics and with levels of inflammatory cytokines were assessed along with the effects of CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) cells on the proliferation and tumor necrosis factor α expression of CD3+ T cells. The median frequency of IL‑10‑competent cells among the CD19+ B cells was significantly increased among patients with RA with active disease. However, a sub‑group of patients with a high disease status that received no treatment/NSAIDs exhibited a significantly lower frequency (≤1% IL‑10+ B cells). These patients exhibited longer symptom duration, a greater number of tender and swollen joints and a higher patient global visual analogue scale and disease activity score in 28 joints‑C reactive protein. Functional assays further demonstrated that B10 cells from the sub‑group with ≤1% IL‑10+ B cells secreted significantly lower levels of IL‑10 and exerted a significantly decreased suppressive effect on CD3+ T-cell proliferation and tumor necrosis factor‑α production. The frequency and functional heterogeneity of B10 cells in patients with RA at different disease stage suggested that further investigation on the underlying mechanism of the generation and function of B10 cells in patients with RA is required prior to use in clinical practice.