Y. H. Yan

Effect of inhaled formaldehyde on learning and memory of mice

UNLABELLED In this study, we investigated the effect of inhaled formaldehyde on learning and memory capacity. After exposure to 0 (control), 1 and 3 mg/m(3) of gaseous formaldehyde respectively, the behavior of mice in a Morris water maze, the expression of NR1, NR2B mRNA and oxidative damage levels in mice brain were analyzed. The water maze performance, the activities of dismutase superoxide (SOD) and levels of glutathione (GSH) decreased significantly in 3 mg/m(3) group (P < 0.01, compared with control group); while malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and expression of NR1 and NR2B genes increased significantly after exposure to 3 mg/m(3) of gaseous formaldehyde (P < 0.05, <0.01, <0.01, compared with control group). These findings indicate that inhaled formaldehyde negatively affects learning and memory at 3 mg/m(3) of gaseous formaldehyde but not at lower levels. Oxidative stress-induced neuron damages in the brain may be the possible mechanism for these effects. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS This study indicates that inhaled formaldehyde starts to negatively affect learning and memory at a middle concentration of formaldehyde without interference of other indoor air pollutants. Oxidative damage, and the alteration of NMDA receptor expression, which were induced by formaldehyde inhalation, may be the possible mechanism for gaseous formaldehyde-induced neurotoxicity.

Systematic studies of covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes via argon plasma-assisted UV grafting

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with 1-vinylimidazole species covalently attached to their sidewalls and end caps have been prepared by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in 1-vinylimidazole monomer. This process can be greatly assisted by argon (Ar) plasma pretreatment, which generates more defect sites at the tube ends and sidewalls acting as the active sites for the subsequent UV grafting of 1-vinylimidazole molecules. The effects of total deposited energy of Ar plasma treatment, either by change of treatment time or discharge power, on the functionalization degree and structural morphology of the resulting nanotubes are systematically studied. By control of the Ar plasma treatment time within 5 min at the discharge power of 200 W, no visible chopping of the functionalized SWNTs was observed. Under this advised optimum processing condition, the functionalization degree, estimated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement, is as high as around 26 wt% 1-vinylimidazole molecules grafted onto the nanotubes. This method may be extended to other reactive vinyl monomers and offers another diverse way of covalent functionalization of SWNTs.

Functionalization of carbon nanotubes by argon plasma-assisted ultraviolet grafting

We have demonstrated the functionalization of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by argon (Ar) plasma-assisted ultraviolet (UV) grafting of 1-vinylimidazole (VZ). The Ar plasma treatment generates defect sites at the tube ends and sidewalls, which act as the active sites for the subsequent UV grafting of VZ monomer. Atomic force microscopy analyses indicate that the original nanotube bundles exfoliate to individual tubes after the VZ grafting. By control of the deposited energy of Ar plasma treatment (200W) and treatment time (5min), no visible chopping of the functionalized SWNT was observed. This method may be extended to other vinyl monomers and offers another diverse way of sidewall functionalization of SWNT.

Large-scale submicron horizontally aligned single-walled carbon nanotube surface arrays on various substrates produced by a fluidic assembly method.

Single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays have been assembled on various substrates over mm-scale surface areas by combining fluidic alignment with soft lithography (micropatterning in capillaries) techniques. The feature size of the nanotube patterns reaches down to submicrometre scale. To this end, tailored substrate surface modification and pre-alignment of chopped CNTs in suspension are highly critical.

High aspect ratio silicon nanomoulds for UV embossing fabricated by directional thermal oxidation using an oxidation mask

Nanomoulding is simple and economical but moulds with nanoscale features are usually prohibitively expensive to fabricate because nanolithographic techniques are mostly serial and time-consuming for large-area patterning. This paper describes a novel, simple and inexpensive parallel technique for fabricating nanoscale pattern moulds by silicon etching followed by thermal oxidation. The mask pattern can be made by direct photolithography or photolithography followed by metal overetching for submicron- and nanoscale features, respectively. To successfully make nanoscale channels having a post-oxidation cross-sectional shape similar to that of the original channel, an oxidation mask to promote unidirectional (specifically horizontal) oxide growth is found to be essential. A silicon nitride or metal mask layer prevents vertical oxidation of the Si directly beneath it. Without this mask, rectangular channels become smaller but are V-shaped after oxidation. By controlling the silicon etch depth and oxidation time, moulds with high aspect ratio channels having widths ranging from 500 to 50 nm and smaller can be obtained. The nanomould, when passivated with a Teflon-like layer, can be used for first-generation replication using ultraviolet (UV) nanoembossing and second-generation replication in other materials, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The PDMS stamp, which was subsequently coated with Au, was used for transfer printing of Au electrodes with a 600 nm gap which will find applications in plastics nanoelectronics.

Type II vanilloid receptor signaling system: one of the possible mechanisms for the rise in asthma cases.

The prevalence of asthma keeps on increasing worldwide, especially in western societies over last 40 years. The mechanism of asthma is unclear. Recently, concern about indoor air pollution as a risk factor for asthma has been arisen. In present study, 25 Kun Ming male mice were placed in an air chamber containing respective formaldehyde (FA) concentration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 mg/m3,and 3.0 mg/m3 with Capsazepine (CPZ, a specific antagonist of vanilloid receptor)-pretreatment in five testing groups (n=5 per group) for inhale experiments. The inhaled groups were exposed to gaseous FA for 6 hours each day in 10 successive days. After exposure, the concentrations of IL4 in blood serum and broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured. Experimental results showed that the IL4 level in serum was too low to be detected; and the concentrations of IL4 in BALF increased in a dose-dependent manner. However, for the CPZ-pretreated group the IL4 level in BALF decreased significantly (compared with 3.0 mg/m3 FA inhaled group, p<0.01). This paper describes experimental animal methods to probe IL4 level, an important indicator for IgE response. The studies in this paper indicated that gaseous FA might induce acquired atopy by type II VR1 signaling system. These findings suggested that indoor air pollutants such as FA might be key risk factors for the rise in asthma cases, and type II VR1 signaling system might be one of the mechanisms for the rise.

Electroless Nickel Deposition on Silicone-Rich Polyester Surfaces

For many applications, the surfaces of the polymeric microstructures must be inert or metallic or chemically tailored. The present work is concerned with the metallization of silicone-rich UV cured polyester. Surface modification of the silicone-rich polyester via argon plasma pretreatment and subsequent UV-induced graft copolymerization with 1-vinylimidazole was carried out to improve the adhesion of electrolessly deposited nickel. The optimum process conditions for argon plasma and UV grafting on the silicone-rich polyester surface were determined. The surface chemistry, energetics, and mechanical roughness of silicone-rich polyester after each step were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and atomic force microscopy. The surface-modified silicone-rich polyester was metallized by electroless nickel plating. Scanning electron microscopy results show good Ni/silicone-rich polyester adhesion has been achieved. Based on the conditions optimized in this work, metallized 3D microstructures can be developed. A model study using pure poly (dimethylsiloxane) shows not only the feasibility of electroless nickel plating on pure silicone (and hence the silicone-rich UV curable polyester surface of interest) but also indicates the formation of peroxide or hydroxyl peroxide attached to silicon after argon plasma treatment and aging.