Yanan Bu

Highly sensitive copper fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction for online selective analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons coupled with high performance liquid chromatography.

A fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) device was developed with copper wire and copper tube, which was served as both the substrate and sorbent with high physical strength and good flexibility. Its morphology and surface properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. It was coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipment by replacing the sample loop of six-port injection valve, building the online SPME-HPLC system conveniently. Using ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as model analytes, extraction conditions including sampling rate, extraction time, organic content and desorption time were investigated and optimized. The copper fiber-in-tube exhibits excellent extraction efficiency toward PAHs, with enrichment factors from 268 to 2497. The established online SPME-HPLC method provides good linearity (0.05-100μgL(-1)) and low detection limits (0.001-0.01μgL(-1)) for PAHs. It has been used to determine PAHs in water samples, with recoveries in the range of 86.2-115%. Repeatability on the same extraction tube is in the range of 0.6-3.6%, and repeatability among three tubes is in the range of 5.6-20.1%. Compared with phthalates, anilines and phenols, the copper fiber-in-tube possesses good extraction selectivity for PAHs. The extraction mechanism is probably related to hydrophobic interaction and π-electron-metal interaction.

Based on magnetic graphene oxide highly sensitive and selective imprinted sensor for determination of sunset yellow

A new imprinted material based on β-cyclodextrin/ionic liquid/gold nanoparticles functionalized magnetic graphene oxide has been successfully synthesized and modified to the glassy carbon electrode surface to constructed imprinted electrochemical sensor to detect sunset yellow. The sensitivity and electrochemical response of the electrode can be improved by nanomaterials. The surface morphology and crystal structure of the hybrid nanomaterial has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemical behaviors of the hybrid nanomaterials based sensor were evaluated through cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed electrochemical sensor showed a fast rebinding dynamics, which was successfully applied to sunset yellow detection with a wide linear range from 5.0×10(-9) to 2.0×10(-6)mol L(-1) and a detection limit of 2.0×10(-9)mol L(-1). The electrochemical sensor has been successfully applied in the determination of SY in spiked water samples, mirinda drink and minute maid, and the recoveries for the standards added are 97-105%.

Facile modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes–polymeric ionic liquids-coated solid-phase microextraction fibers by on-fiber anion exchange

In situ anion exchange has been proved to be an efficient method for facile modification of polymeric ionic liquids (PILs)-based stationary phases. In this work, an on-fiber anion exchange process was utilized to tune the extraction performance of a multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-poly(1-vinyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide) (poly(VOIm(+)Br(-)))-coated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber. MWCNTs were first coated onto the stainless steel wire through a layer-by-layer fabrication method and then the PILs were coated onto the MWCNTs physically. Anion of the MWCNTs-poly(VOIm(+)Br(-)) fiber was changed into bis(triflroromethanesulfonyl)imide (NTf2(-)) and 2-naphthalene-sulfonate (NapSO3(-)) by on-fiber anion exchange. Coupled to gas chromatography, the MWCNTs-poly(VOIm(+)Br(-)) fiber showed acceptable extraction efficiency for hydrophilic and hydrogen-bonding-donating alcohols, with limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 0.005-0.05μgmL(-1); after the anion exchange with NTf2(-), the obtained MWCNTs-poly(VOIm(+)NTf2(-)) fiber brought wide linear ranges for hydrophobic n-alkanes with correlation coefficient (R) ranging from 0.994 to 0.997; aromatic property of the fiber was enhanced by aromatic NapSO3(-) anions to get sufficient extraction capacity for phthalate esters and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. The MWCNTs-poly(VOIm(+)NapSO3(-)) fiber was finally applied to determine several halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater of industrial park.

Graphene coating bonded onto stainless steel wire as a solid-phase microextraction fiber.

A graphene coating bonded onto stainless steel wire was fabricated and investigated as a solid-phase microextraction fiber. The coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The coating with rough and crinkled structure was about 1 μm. These characteristics were helpful for promoting extraction. Using five n-alkanes (n-undecane, n-dodecane, n-tridecane, n-tetradecane and n-hexadecane) as analytes, the fiber was evaluated in direct-immersion mode by coupling with gas chromatography (GC). Through optimizing extraction and desorption conditions, a sensitive SPME-GC analytical method was established. SPME-GC method provided wide linearity range (0.2-150 μg L(-1)) and low limits of determination (0.05-0.5 μg L(-1)). It was applied to analyze rain water and a soil sample, and analytes were quantified in the range of 0.85-1.96 μg L(-1) and 0.09-3.34 μg g(-1), respectively. The recoveries of samples spiked at 10 μg L(-1) were in the range of 90.1-120% and 80.6-94.2%, respectively. The fiber also exhibited high thermal and chemical stability, due to the covalent bonds between graphene coating and wire, and the natural resistance of graphene for thermal, acid and basic conditions.

Development of a cheap and accessible carbon fibers-in-poly(ether ether ketone) tube with high stability for online in-tube solid-phase microextraction

Carbon fibers (CFs) are one kind of important industrial materials that can be obtained commercially at low price. Based on the high extraction efficiency of carbon sorbents, a cheap and accessible carbon fibers-in-poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) tube was developed for online in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method. Coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the CFs-in-tube SPME was applied to analyze eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental aqueous samples. Extraction conditions (sampling rate, extraction time, methanol content) and desorption time were investigated for optimization of conditions. Under the optimum conditions, the CFs-in-tube SPME-HPLC method provided high extraction efficiency with enrichment factors up to 1748. Good linearity (0.05-50 μg L(-1), 0.5-50 μg L(-1)) and low detection limits (0.01-0.1 μg L(-1)) were also obtained. The online analysis method was finally applied to determine several model PAHs analytes in real environmental aqueous samples. Some target analytes were detected and relative recoveries were in the range of 92.3-111%. Due to natural chemical stability of carbon fibers and PEEK tube, the CFs-in-tube device exhibited high resistance to organic solvent, acid and alkaline conditions.

Nanostructured copper‐coated solid‐phase microextraction fiber for gas chromatographic analysis of dibutyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate environmental estrogens

A novel nanostructured copper-based solid-phase microextraction fiber was developed and applied for determining the two most common types of phthalate environmental estrogens (dibutyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate) in aqueous samples, coupled to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The copper film was coated onto a stainless-steel wire via an electroless plating process, which involved a surface activation process to improve the surface properties of the fiber. Several parameters affecting extraction efficiency such as extraction time, extraction temperature, ionic strength, desorption temperature, and desorption time were optimized by a factor-by-factor procedure to obtain the highest extraction efficiency. The as-established method showed wide linear ranges (0.05-250 μg/L). Precision of single fiber repeatability was <7.0%, and fiber-to-fiber repeatability was <10%. Limits of detection were 0.01 μg/L. The proposed method exhibited better or comparable extraction performance compared with commercial and other lab-made fibers, and excellent thermal stability and durability. The proposed method was applied successfully for the determination of model analytes in plastic soaking water.

Graphene oxide reinforced polymeric ionic liquid monolith solid-phase microextraction sorbent for high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of phenolic compounds in aqueous environmental samples.

A graphene oxide reinforced polymeric ionic liquids monolith was obtained by copolymerization of graphene oxide doped 1-(3-aminopropyl)-3-(4-vinylbenzyl)imidazolium 4-styrenesulfonate monomer and 1,6-di-(3-vinylimidazolium) hexane bihexafluorophosphate cross-linking agent. Coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography, the monolith was used as a solid-phase microextraction sorbent to analyze several phenolic compounds in aqueous samples. Under the optimized extraction and desorption conditions, linear ranges were 5-400 μg/L for 3-nitrophenol, 2-nitrophenol, and 2,5-dichlorophenol and 2-400 μg/L for 4-chlorophenol, 2-methylphenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (R(2) = 0.9973-0.9988). The limits of detection were 0.5 μg/L for 3-nitrophenol and 2-nitrophenol and 0.2 μg/L for the rest of the analytes. The proposed method was used to determine target analytes in groundwater from an industrial park and river water. None of the analytes was detected. Relative recoveries were in the range of 75.5-113%.

Ionic liquid coated copper wires and tubes for fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction ☆

A fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) device was developed by filling eleven copper wires into a copper tube, and all of those were functionalized with ionic liquids. Its morphology and surface properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. It was connected into high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipment by replacing the sample loop of six-port injection valve, building the online SPME-HPLC system. In the optimization of extraction conditions, sampling rate, sample volume, pH of sample and desorption time were investigated with five estrogens as model analytes. Under the optimum conditions, an online SPME-HPLC analysis method was achieved, showing enrichment efficiency from 611 to 1661 and a good linearity of 0.06-60μgL(-1) with low detection limits of 0.02-0.05μgL(-1). It was applied to detect estrogens analytes in two water samples, with recoveries in the range of 85-114%. Relative standard deviation (n=3) of extraction repeatability is in the range of 1.9-3.0%. Relative standard deviation of extraction tubes (n=3) is in the range of 12-19%. The extraction mechanism is probably related to hydrophobic, π-π and dipole-dipole interactions between ionic liquids coating and estrogens analytes.

Electrophoretic deposition of graphene oxide onto carbon fibers for in-tube solid-phase microextraction

Carbon fibers (CFs) were functionalized with graphene oxide (GO) by an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method for in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME). GO-CFs were filled into a poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) tube to obtain a fibers-in-tube SPME device, which was connected with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipment to build online SPME-HPLC system. Compared with CFs, GO-CFs presented obviously better extraction performance, due to excellent adsorption property and large surface area of GO. Using ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as model analytes, the important extraction conditions were optimized, such as sample flow rate, extraction time, organic solvent content and desorption time. An online analysis method was established with wide linear range (0.01-50μgL-1) and low detection limits (0.001-0.004μgL-1). Good sensitivity resulted from high enrichment factors (1133-3840) of GO-CFs in-tube device towards PAHs. The analysis method was used to online determination of PAHs in wastewater samples. Some target analytes were detected and relative recoveries were in the range of 90.2-112%. It is obvious that the proposed GO-CFs in-tube device was an efficient extraction device, and EPD could be used to develop nanomaterials functionalized sorbents for sample preparation.

Gold‐functionalized stainless‐steel wire and tube for fiber‐in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction device based on a gold-functionalized stainless-steel wire and tube was developed and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In combination with high-performance liquid chromatography, it was evaluated using six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as model analytes. Important parameters including sampling rate, sample volume, organic solvent content and desorption time were investigated. Under optimized conditions, an online analysis method was established. The linearity was in the range of 0.15-50 μg/L with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9989 to 0.9999, and limits of detection ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 μg/L. The method was applied to determine model analytes in mosquito-repellent incense ash and river water samples, with recoveries in the range of 85-120%.