Yasin Çiçek

Periodontal disease as a risk factor for pre‐eclampsia: A case control study

Objective: To investigate the association between periodontal disease and pre‐eclampsia, while controlling known risk factors for pre‐eclampsia.

Reactive oxygen species and human inflammatory periodontal diseases

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as important signaling molecules in the regulation of various cellular processes. They can be generated by the mitochondrial electron transport chain in mitochondria and activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) during inflammatory conditions. Excessive generation of ROS may result in attack of and damage to most intracellular and extracellular components in a living organism. Moreover, ROS can directly induce and/or regulate apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Periodontal pathologies are inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Several forms of periodontal diseases are associated with activated PMN. Damage of tissues in inflammatory periodontal pathologies can be mediated by ROS resulting from the physiological activity of PMN during the phagocytosis of periodontopathic bacteria.

Increased salivary level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is a marker of premature oxidative mitochondrial DNA damage in gingival tissue of patients with periodontitis

Introduction:Oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. However, the detailed molecular mechanism remains unclear. Both 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion have been reported as early oxidative DNA damage markers. In this study, 8-OHdG levels in saliva and mtDNA deletions in gingival tissue of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) were evaluated.Materials and Methods:Gingival tissue and whole saliva samples were collected from 32 patients with CP and 32 healthy control subjects. To determine the clinical condition of each subject, the plaque index, gingival index, clinical attachment level (CAL), and probing depth (PD) were measured. Using the ELISA and polymerase chain reaction methods, the salivary 8-OHdG levels and the 7.4-kbp and 5-kbp mtDNA deletions were examined.Results:The 5-kbp mtDNA deletion was detected in 20 of the 32 periodontitis patients (62.5%), but was not detected in the healthy controls. The mean value of 8-OHdG in the saliva of the periodontitis patients with deleted mtDNA was significantly higher than in the patients with non-deleted mtDNA (p<0.01). Also, significant correlation was found between the occurrence of the 5-kbp mtDNA deletion and salivary 8-OHdG levels (p<0.01). Similar correlations were detected between salivary 8-OHdG levels and age, PD, and CAL (p<0.01, p<0.05).Conclusion:Increased oxidative stress may lead to premature oxidative DNA damage in the gingival tissue of periodontitis patients and the salivary 8-OHdG level may signify premature oxidative mtDNA damage in diseased gingival tissue.

Increased salivary levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine may be a marker for disease activity for periodontitis.

Background: 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is commonly used as a marker to evaluate oxidative DNA damage in disorders including chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory periodontal pathologies. In the current study we hypothesized that the level of 8-OHdG in saliva increases by the periodontal destruction severity determined by clinical parameters as clinical attachment level (CAL). Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sum of 60 age gender balanced; chronic periodontitis (CP) (n = 20), chronic gingivitis (CG) (n = 20) and healthy (H) (n = 20) individuals. Clinical periodontal parameters and salivary 8-OHdG levels were evaluated. Results: The mean 8-OHdG level in the saliva of the CP group was significantly higher than H and CG groups (p < 0.001). Statistically significant correlation was only observed between the salivary levels of 8-OHdG and age (p < 0.05), probing depth (PD) and CAL (p < 0.001) in CP group. However, when CP patients were classified according to their CAL levels (CAL≥ 3 mm (n = 11) and CAL<3 mm (n = 9)) statistically significant correlation was only observed between the salivary levels of 8-OHdG and CAL≥ 3 mm patients (p < 0.001). Conclusion: We suggest that elevated salivary levels of 8-OHdG may be a marker for disease activity and it may reflect indirectly disease severity parameters such as CAL.

Effect of tongue brushing on oral malodor in adolescents

Abstract Background : Halitosis is a common problem in humans, and is a social and psychological handicap for those affected by it. Halitosis has a positive correlation with the accumulation of bacterial plaque in the oral cavity.

Relationship between periodontal parameters and Behçet’s disease and evaluation of different treatments for oral recurrent aphthous stomatitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The highest prevalence of Behçets disease (BD) has been reported in Turkey, and therefore research of relations between BD and other disorders have become important in the Turkish population. Since oral aphthous ulcers impair tooth brushing, reducing complaints about aphthous ulcers will motivate the patient to maintain better oral hygiene performance and will thus reduce plaque accumulation and periodontal scores. The purpose of this controlled case study was to evaluate the relationship between the severity of periodontal scores and Behçets disease, and to compare the treatment modalities with neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser and medication on the recurrent aphthous ulcers in BD patients by considering the degree of pre- and post-treatment pain, discomfort and functional complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS The periodontal status of 28 BD patients was evaluated according to periodontal indices. The BD patients were also assessed for clinical severity score as described previously. Levels of pre- and post-treatment pain and functional complications were assessed at patient visits on days 1, 4 and 7. RESULTS Periodontal indices, the number of oral ulcers and the daily frequency of tooth brushing were related to the severity scores of BD (p < 0.001). The results indicated that BD patients treated with the Nd:YAG laser had less post-treatment pain and fewer functional complications and reported immediate relief of pain and faster healing (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that periodontal status is worse in BD patients and is associated with disease severity; also, the Nd:YAG laser has better patient acceptance, shorter treatment time and lower rates of pain and post-treatment adverse events among BD patients with oral recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Root Surface Biomodification with Nd:YAG Laser for the Treatment of Gingival Recession with Subepithelial Connective Tissue Grafts

BACKGROUND/AIM Root surface biomodification has been used to treat gingival recession and periodontitis. The principle for this procedure is that removing the smear layer from the root surfaces exposes collagen fibers, which leads to improved healing. Clinical studies generally have failed to find any improvement in clinical parameters when using such procedures, however. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the outcome of gingival recession therapy using the subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) with or without Nd:YAG laser application for root surface biomodification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-four teeth in 17 patients with Miller Class 1 and 2 recession were treated with SCTG with (test group) or without (control group) the application of Nd:YAG laser (1 W, 10 Hz, 100 mj, 60 s, 1064 nm). Clinical attachment level (CAL), recession depth (RD), recession width (RW), and probing depth (PD) were measured at baseline and six months postsurgery. RESULTS Both treatments yielded significant improvements in terms of RD and RW decrease and CAL gain compared to baseline values. For test and control groups, the average root coverage was 33% and 77%, respectively (p < 0.05), and the complete root coverage was 18% and 65%, respectively (p < 0.05). The control group showed a greater reduction in RD and RW compared with the test group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The use of Nd:YAG laser as a root surface biomodifier negatively affected the outcome of root coverage with the SCTG.

Effect of handedness on learning subgingival scaling with curettes: a study on manikins.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of systematic manikin–head training and the effectiveness of subgingival scaling applied with hand instruments (curettes) by right- and lefthanded dental students on dental chairs (traditional) designed for right handers. A questionnaire focusing on handedness was administered to 69 voluntary dental students in the third class at the School of Dentistry during preparticipation examination. Handedness was assessed using the Turkish version of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Then, 18 dental students- were specially selected in 2 equal groups according to hand preference: consistent right handers with Geschwind Scores of–100 (5 female- and 4 male) and consistent left handers with Geschwind Scores of 100 (5 female and 4 male). These two untrained dental student groups received 10 weeks manikin head training. Subgingival scaling was performed with hand instruments (Gracey curettes) in manikin head mounted on right sided dental chairs. At 6 test days each dental student had to instrument 12 test teeth. Effectiveness of subgingival scaling was evaluated- by adoption of a grading system. This system had scores from 0 to 3 and was defined by illustrated and described criteria. Statistical analysis- was carried out with SPSS. Two groups were statistically compared on all test days. The yet untrained left handed dental students begin with a relatively high the mean score of 2.25, compared to the yet trained righthanded dental students with 1.93, which was statistically signi-ficant- (p > .05). The right handed dental students reached the mean score of 0.53, whereas the left anded dental students reached the mean score of 0.87 on test day 6. Significant differences in the mean scores were found between the two groups for overall surfaces (p < .05), the distal surfaces (p < .01), lingual surfaces (p < .01), and each group of teeth (p < .05). But there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups of students on all test day except for test day 3 in terms of the mean scores for the facial and mesial surfaces (p > .05). Learning success was observed a high level in both groups through –systematical training (p <.0001). The present study has documented that the left handed dental students were less successful than the righ thanded dental students in subgingival scaling, except for mesial and facial surfaces. However although training on right sided chairs, they were quite similar to their right handed counterparts in terms of learning- success.

Evaluation of oral malodour in left- and right-handed individuals

Halitosis is a common social problem in the worldwide population. It is frequently associated with oral hygiene performance, so it may depend on the hand skill and cognitive ability of individuals. This study aimed to determine the relationship between handedness and pathologic oral halitosis. The study included a total of 1510 participants, and daily oral hygiene activities, hand preference, VSCs scores (volatile sulphur compounds) and clinical oral indices such as plaque index (PI) and tongue coating index (TCI) of each individual were recorded. Results of this study showed that there were no statistically significant differences between right- and left-handers (Groups I and II, respectively) according to age and oral hygiene practices. But it was found that PI and TCI were statistically higher in Group I with respect to Group II (Table 1). VSC scores, PI, and TCI were statistically higher in men compared to women (p<.01) (Table 2). There were statistically significant differences between women and men in the right-handed participant group (p<.01), while there were no statistically significant differences among the left-handers (p> .05) (Figure 1). Furthermore, statistically significant correlations were found between VSC scores and individual oral hygiene indices (p<.01) (Table 3). The lower halimetric values and clinical indices in left-handed individuals may be related with their oral healthcare and daily brushing habits. But unless detailed neurological investigations are undertaken, it cannot be suggested that the left-handers have better coordination and better-developed spatial abilities in oral hygiene procedures than the right-handers.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEETHING AND HANDEDNESS

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of tooth eruption sequences as an indicator of handedness. The investigation was carried out on 92 healthy children. The questionnaire form was filled out for each child. The form consisted of two parts. In the first part there were questions to determine the demographic features of the children. The second part consisted of the questions to clarify the eruption time and sequence of first primary teeth. Hand preference was evaluated by placing colored pencils directly in front of the child, who was asked to write an “X” on a piece of paper with each pencil. According to left-, right-, and indetermined handedness, all children regardless of sex were divided into three groups. The data were analyzed for statistical evaluation using tests for the difference between two population propositions. The mean eruption time of the first tooth in children was 7.5 ± 1.7 months. The eruption time was found similar in both groups. No statistically significant difference was determined between the teeth eruption time and handedness (p >.05). The first tooth erupted was generally the lower central incisor. There was no difference tooth eruption and sex, gestation week (p >.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the teeth eruption time and sequence of the primary teeth (p >.05). There was statistically significant difference between sequence of the tooth eruption and handedness (p <.001). Consequently, the tooth eruption sequences may play an important role as an indicator in handedness.