Yasuhiro Seya

Rule for scaling shoulder rotation angles while walking through apertures.

Background When an individual is trying to fit into a narrow aperture, the amplitude of shoulder rotations in the yaw dimension is well proportioned to the relative aperture width to body width (referred to as the critical ratio value). Based on this fact, it is generally considered that the central nervous system (CNS) determines the amplitudes of shoulder rotations in response to the ratio value. The present study was designed to determine whether the CNS follows another rule in which a minimal spatial margin is created at the aperture passage; this rule is beneficial particularly when spatial requirements for passage (i.e., the minimum passable width) become wider than the body with an external object. Methodology/Principal Findings Eight young participants walked through narrow apertures of three widths (ratio value = 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1) while holding one of three horizontal bars (short, 1.5 and 2.5 times the body width). The results showed that the amplitude of rotation angles became smaller for the respective ratio value as the bar increased in length. This was clearly inconsistent with the general hypothesis that predicted the same rotation angles for the same ratio value. Instead, the results were better explained with a new hypothesis which predicted that a smaller rotation angle was sufficient to produce a constant spatial margin as the bar-length increased in length. Conclusion The results show that, at least under safe circumstances, the CNS is likely to determine the amplitudes of shoulder rotations to ensure the minimal spatial margin being created at one side of the body at the time of crossing. This was new in that the aperture width subtracted from the width of the body (plus object) was taken into account for the visuomotor control of locomotion through apertures.

Up-down asymmetry in vertical vection

To investigate whether up-down asymmetry similar to that reported in vertical optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), that is, larger OKN responses for upward motion than for downward motion, would appear in vertical vection, we conducted three experiments. In all three experiments, participants viewed a vertically moving random-dot pattern. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants reported vection using a joystick. After each trial, they were also asked to rate the vection magnitude experienced during the stimulus presentation. In Experiment 3, eye movements and vection magnitude (rated after each trial) in response to the stimulus were measured. The results of Experiment 1 showed larger vection magnitude for the upward motion of the stimulus than for the downward motion of it. However, vection onset latency did not change much with stimulus motion direction. Experiment 2 revealed that the up-down asymmetry in vection manifested progressively during the latter part of the stimulus presentation period. Experiment 3 showed clear up-down asymmetry in both OKN and vection magnitude. These results not only indicate that up-down asymmetry similar to that reported in vertical OKN appears in vertical vection, but they also support the notion that the mechanisms underlying vection and OKN are closely related to each other.

Single stimulus color can modulate vection.

In the present study, we investigated the effects of single color on forward and backward vection. The approaching or receding optical flow observed during forward or backward locomotion was simulated by using random dots with changing size, velocity, and disparity. The dots were presented on a black (Experiments 1 and 2) or white background (Experiment 3) in equiluminant colors; namely, white (or gray), red, yellow, green, or blue. The participants task was to press and hold one of three buttons whenever they felt vection. The three buttons corresponded to the subjective strength of vection: strong, same, and weak relative to vection induced by the standard modulus. In Experiments 1 and 2, the participants were also asked to rate the strength and direction of vection after each trial. In Experiment 3, they rated the visibility and the perceived velocity of dot motion. Experiment 1 showed that the induced vection was stronger for the chromatic than for the achromatic dots. Particularly at low velocity conditions (±10 km/h), the vection induced for red dots was stronger than that for the other colored dots. Experiment 2 showed that the order effects of stimulus presentation could not explain the findings of Experiment 1. Experiment 3s pattern of results was similar to that of Experiment 1, and this suggested that a luminance artifact between color conditions could not account for Experiment 1s findings. These results suggest that a stimulus color can modulate vection even when a single color is added to the optical flow.

Effect of depth order on linear vection with optical flows.

In the present study, the effects of depth order on forward and backward vection were examined using optical flows simulating motion in depth (i.e., approaching or receding). In an experiment, space extending 10 or 20 m in depth was simulated, and the space was divided into foreground and background spaces. In each space, a random-dot pattern was presented and the binocular disparity, size, and velocity of each dot were continuously manipulated in a way consistent with the depth being simulated. Participants reported whether they perceived vection. Latency, total duration (i.e., the amount of time that participants reported perceiving vection during a 60-s presentation), and strong-vection duration (i.e., the amount of time that participants reported perceiving strong vection) were measured. The results indicated that, even though the dots making up the optical flow were much smaller and slower moving in the background space than in the foreground space, vection was strongly dependent on flow motion in the background space. This supports the idea that the perceptual system uses background stimulus motion as a reliable cue for self-motion perception.

Useful field of view in simulated driving: Reaction times and eye movements of drivers.

To examine the spatial distribution of a useful field of view (UFOV) in driving, reaction times (RTs) and eye movements were measured in simulated driving. In the experiment, a normal or mirror-reversed letter “E” was presented on driving images with different eccentricities and directions from the current gaze position. The results showed significantly slower RTs in the upper and upper left directions than in the other directions. The RTs were significantly slower in the left directions than in the right directions. These results suggest that the UFOV in driving may be asymmetrical among the meridians in the visual field.

Up–down asymmetry in vertical induced motion and optokinetic nystagmus

We investigated the effects of pursuit effort against the optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) on induced motion (IM) by measuring vertical IM and eye movements. Participants viewed an inducing stimulus (a random dot pattern) moving either upward or downward at the velocity of 10 or 40 °/s. A horizontally moving target (a single dot) was then presented within the inducing stimulus. Participants were asked to pursue the target and report the perceived slant of the target motion path by using a joystick. The results showed that IM magnitude was larger with an upward stimulation than with a downward stimulation. IM magnitude was also larger at 40 °/s than at 10 °/s. The results of eye movements prior to the target presentation showed that OKN was elicited more effectively with an upward stimulation than with a downward stimulation and at 40 °/s than at 10 °/s. OKN was markedly reduced when the target was presented within the inducing stimulus. These results support the oculomotor theory that IM magnitude reflects pursuit effort against OKN in response to an inducing stimulus.

Effects of visual cues on the complicated search task

To locate relevant information within an vast array of potentially irrelevant information, a graphical user interface supported by visual navigation search cues may be useful. Because few studies have reported effects of visual cues in complicated workplace conditions, this study examined effects of valid/invalid cues on performance in a search task that simulated central monitoring task. Reaction times (RTs) to targets were measured for valid/invalid cues relative to no-cue conditions. Results indicated that cost (increment of RT by the invalid cue) is less than benefit (decrement of RT by the valid cue). Subsequently, to examine effects of cues in a perception/cognition phase, rates of correct answers were measured by eliminating an action phase of the search task. Results reveal the benefit (higher rate of correct answers in the valid cue condition than in the no-cue condition) was greater than the cost (lower rate of correct answers in the invalid cue condition than in the no-cue condition). Additionally, eye movement data indicated that onset times of eye fixation to a cued button were concentrated within 200-300ms regardless of cue condition. Together, results suggest that in a complicated search situation, such as a central control system, the costs for relying on invalid cues can be expressed as 1/d, with d as the number of candidates of search. This implies that as d increases the usefulness of a predictive (valid) cue increases.