Yasushi Togo

Influenza antibody in human respiratory secretions after subcutaneous or respiratory immunization with inactivated virus.

STUDIES with human volunteers have shown that experimental infection with influenza virus is a better stimulus of antibody in respiratory secretions than is subcutaneous immunization with inactivated vaccine, although both procedures result in the production of similar concentrations of serum antibody1,2. The work reported here was undertaken to determine if administration of inactivated virus vaccine through the respiratory tract provokes a similar antibody response in respiratory secretions.

Mucociliary Function during Experimentally Induced Rhinovirus Infection in Man

In conjunction with a controlled study of the effect of vitamin C on susceptibility to experimentally induced rhinovirus infections in man, we have conducted a study of nasal mucociliary function in the subjects volunteering for the study. In the 21 volunteers an average mucociliary flow rate (measured by the Quinlan tagged particle technique) of 7.5 mm/min was found in those with normal nasal morphology and 4.0 mm/min in those with abnormal nasal morphology. The rates decreased during infection in both groups but at different times after induction of infection. Ascorbic acid had no effect on either susceptibility to induced rhinovirus infection or mucociliary transport.

Evaluation of Isoprinosine in Experimental Human Rhinovirus Infection

The prophylactic efficacy of isoprinosine was evaluated in a double-blind fashion in volunteers challenged with two types of rhinovirus. In the rhinovirus 44 and 32 trials, each of 9 men received a placebo, and eight and 11 men received the drug, respectively. Oral isoprinosine, 6 g a day, was given for 2 days prior to intranasal challenge with 100 mean tissue culture infective doses of the virus and for 7 postchallenge days. In both trials the occurrence and severity of colds were greater in the placebo group, but the difference between the two groups was not significant. Higher antibody titers for both viruses and a greater number of rhinovirus 32 isolations were demonstrated in the drug group but without statistically significant differences. The prophylactic isoprinosine treatment may suppress the cold syndrome, but its effect was not convincingly apparent.

In Vitro Effect of Virazole Against Influenza Viruses

The minimal inhibitory concentrations of Virazole against 32 mean tissue culture infective doses of three type A influenza strains including type A/England/42/72 (H3N2) and a type B strain in tissue culture were 0.1 and 0.05 μg/ml, respectively. The growth inhibition pattern by various Virazole concentrations of type A virus was similar to that of the type B virus. Virazole appears to be slightly more potent against the A/England/42/72 strain than are other antiinfluenzal agents.

Fatal neonatal infection due to Coxsackie B2 virus: Report of generalized infection and myocarditis in the newborn

Two new cases of Coxsackie B 2 virus infections are reported in newborn infants. Both were associated with febrile illness in the mother in the postpartum period. The need is emphasized for a high degree of suspicion that apparent trivial infection in newborn infants may be associated with extremely serious neonatal disease. At this time prompt isolation offers the most practical way of preventing these often fatal diseases.

Concomitant varicella and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

T I-I E o N S E T of vesicular e rup t ion in an eczematous child is a diagnost ic p roblem with therapeut ic implications. One mus t consider eczema vaccinatum, eczema herpe t icum, varicella, and secondar i ly infected eczema? The appearance of bullous lesions fu r the r complicates this clinical problem by suggesting either an unusual f o r m of varicel la , i.e., varicel la bullosa or the coexistence of two disease entities. T h e purpose of this communica t ion is to repor t a pa t ien t who presented with coexistent vesicular and bullous lesions; the former lesions were varicella, the la t ter var iant of the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.

Failure of a 3-Substituted Triazinoindole in the Prevention of Experimental Human Rhinovirus Infection

Six rhinovirus serotypes showed in vitro susceptibility to two analogues (SK&F 21687 and SK&F 30097) of 3-substituted triazinoindole compounds. The intranasal SK&F 21687 medication

Clinical evaluation of prophylactic intranasal 1-phenyl-3-(4-phenyl-2-thiazolyl) guanidine (CL 88,277) medication against rhinovirus 44 challenge

The prophylactic intranasal medication with a new antiviral compound, 1-phenyl-3-(-4 phenyl-2-thiazolyl) guanidine (CL 88, 277) was evaluated in humans against rhinovirus 44 challenge. One ml containing 250 mg of CL 88,277 was administered to 10 seronegative volunteers three times a day plus one dose prior to the rhinovirus challenge (32 TCID50) and for six consecutive post-challenge days. Ten other subjects received 56% polyethylene glycol (PEG-400), the solvent of CL 88,277, at the same time. Five subjects in each of the CL 88,277-treated and placebo-treated groups developed illness. There were no differences between the two groups in the occurrence of the severe illness and of the moderate and severe illnesses. Each sign and symptom occurred almost equally in the two groups and there was no difference in their scores between the two groups. The challenge virus was isolated from both groups but the total number of the virus isolates was less and the time span of virus excretion was shorter for the drug-treated group. The post-challenge serum antibody titers were markedly lower in the drug-treated group.Prophylactic intranasal CL 88,277 medication did not affect the course of illness induced by rhinovirus 44 challenge. It appears, however, that the virus replication in the nose was reduced and as a result the serum antibody response was diminished. PEG-400 caused a transient irritation of the nasal mucosa in all recipients.

Antiviral Effect of 3,4-Dihydro-1-Isoquinolineacetamide Hydrochloride in Experimental Human Rhinovirus Infection

Double-blind trials were conducted in volunteers to evaluate the efficacy of the prophylactic 3,4-dihydro-1-isoquinolineacetamide hydrochloride (DIQA) treatment against rhinovirus type 24 challenge. Ten men received a 7-day course of DIQA treatment and 11 men received a placebo. The intranasal viral challenge dose was 10 mean tissue culture infective doses. The oral administration of 1 g prechallenge and 2 g a day for 6 consecutive postchallenge days did not prevent the development of colds. Nine drug-treated men and 10 controls developed rhinovirus illness. However, the illnesses of the drug-treated men were mild. Rhinorrhea occurred less frequently and was more mild in the drug-treated group. The challenge virus was recovered from 80% of these subjects in both groups, but almost twice the number of challenge viruses were isolated from the controls than from the drug-treated men. The prophylactic DIQA therapy appears to suppress the cold syndrome and to reduce virus excretion, although its effect is marginal. Additional clinical trials are warranted to confirm the antirhinoviral effect of this drug.

Clinical and serologic effects of Alice strain live attenuated influenza A (H3N2) virus vaccine in an adult population.

Alice strain live attenuated influenza A (H3N2) virus vaccine was evaluated in prison volunteers. By random double blind allocation, 94 volunteers received Alice strain vaccine (AS) intranasally and 97 received placebo. The vaccine was well tolerated, and there was no serious morbidity. The number, type, duration, and severity of symptoms was not significantly different between the vaccine and placebo groups.Seventy-five per cent of vaccinees with initial HAI titers less than or equal to 1∶8 had 4 fold or greater titer responses on day 30. Placebo recipients experienced no titer changes. The GMT among vaccinees increased from 23.5 prior to vaccination 59.7 30 days later. Surveillance activities failed to document influenza A (H3N2) infection in the volunteer population during a 6 month follow-up period. Additional studies on the protective effects of the vaccine are required before efficacy can be determined.