Yefim Berkovich

Switched-Capacitor/Switched-Inductor Structures for Getting Transformerless Hybrid DC–DC PWM Converters

A few simple switching structures, formed by either two capacitors and two-three diodes (C-switching), or two inductors and two-three diodes (L-switching) are proposed. These structures can be of two types: ldquostep-downrdquo and ldquostep-up.rdquo These blocks are inserted in classical converters: buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk, Zeta, Sepic. The ldquostep-downrdquo C- or L-switching structures can be combined with the buck, buck-boost, Cuk, Zeta, Sepic converters in order to get a step-down function. When the active switch of the converter is on, the inductors in the L-switching blocks are charged in series or the capacitors in the C-switching blocks are discharged in parallel. When the active switch is off, the inductors in the L-switching blocks are discharged in parallel or the capacitors in the C-switching blocks are charged in series. The ldquostep-uprdquo C- or L-switching structures are combined with the boost, buck-boost, Cuk, Zeta, Sepic converters, to get a step-up function. The steady-state analysis of the new hybrid converters allows for determing their DC line-to-output voltage ratio. The gain formula shows that the hybrid converters are able to reduce/increase the line voltage more times than the original, classical converters. The proposed hybrid converters contain the same number of elements as the quadratic converters. Their performances (DC gain, voltage and current stresses on the active switch and diodes, currents through the inductors) are compared to those of the available quadratic converters. The superiority of the new, hybrid converters is mainly based on less energy in the magnetic field, leading to saving in the size and cost of the inductors, and less current stresses in the switching elements, leading to smaller conduction losses. Experimental results confirm the theoretical analysis.

Step-up switching-mode converter with high voltage gain using a switched-capacitor circuit

A new circuit is proposed for a steep step-up of the line voltage. It integrates a switched-capacitor (SC) circuit within a boost converter. An SC circuit can achieve any voltage ratio, allowing for a boost of the input voltage to high values. It is unregulated to allow for a very high efficiency. The boost stage has a regulation purpose. It can operate at a relatively low duty cycle, thus avoiding diode-reverse recovery problems. The new circuit is not a cascade interconnection of the two power stages; their operation is integrated. The simplicity and robustness of the solution, the possibility of getting higher voltage ratios than cascading boost converters, without using transformers with all their problems, and the good overall efficiency are the benefits of the proposed converter.

Transformerless DC-DC converters with a very high DC line-to-load voltage ratio

By splitting the output capacitor of a basic boost converter, and combining the resulting capacitors with the main switch in the form of a switched-capacitor circuit, a new step-up structure is realized. Without using a transformer, a high line-to-load DC voltage ratio is obtained. An output filter is added as usual in boost converters for getting a free-ripple output. The circuit compares favorably with a quadratic boost converter as regarding the count of devices and efficiency, even if it presents a lower DC gain. A DC analysis of the novel converter is presented. Experimental and simulation results confirm the theoretical expectations. By increasing the number of capacitors in the switched-capacitor circuit, higher gains are obtained. Versatility, high voltage gain and a good transient response are the features of the proposed converter.

A cascade boost-switched-capacitor-converter - two level inverter with an optimized multilevel output waveform

Two structures, a switched-capacitor (SC)-based boost converter and a two-level inverter, are connected in cascade. The dc multilevel voltage of the first stage becomes the input voltage of the classical inverter, resulting in a staircase waveform for the inverter output voltage. Such a multilevel waveform is close to a sinusoid; its harmonics content can be reduced by multiplying the stage number of the SC converter. The output low-pass filter, customary after a two-level inverter, becomes obsolete, resulting in a small size of the system, as the SC circuit can be miniaturized. Both stages are operated at a high switching frequency, resulting in a high-frequency inverter output, as required by some industrial applications. A Fourier analysis of the output waveform is performed. The design is optimized with reference to the nominal duty-cycle for obtaining the minimum total harmonic distortion. Simulations and experiments on two prototypes, one with a five-level output and one with a seven-level output, confirm the theoretical analysis.

Hybrid switched-capacitor-Cuk/Zeta/Sepic converters in step-up mode

The energy-transfer-capacitor in basic Cuk, Zeta and Sepic converters is split into two capacitors. The rectifier diode is replaced by two diodes that form with the two capacitors a switched-capacitor circuit, which appears connected between the input and output inductances of the original converter. As a result, hybrid circuits, presenting a higher DC voltage ratio than the classical Cuk, Zeta and Sepic converters, are obtained. Even if the new hybrid structures do not reach the DC gain of quadratic converters, they present a higher efficiency in processing the energy: unlike the cascaded converters whose efficiency is a product of the efficiencies of each block, the hybrid converters do not require an additional level of energy processing. A DC analysis, simulation and experimental results concerning the proposed circuits are presented.

Switched Coupled-Inductor Cell for DC-DC Converters with Very Large Conversion Ratio

By replacing the inductor in a basic boost converter by a multiple-coupled-inductor, and adding two diodes and a capacitor, a new converter with a large conversion ratio and low stresses on the switches is obtained. The additional diode helps to circulate the leakage inductance energy to the load in a non-oscillatory manner. The transistor turns on/off with soft-switching. The diodes turn on with zero-voltage switching and turn off with zero-current-switching, their reverse-recovery problem is alleviated. The voltage stress on both the transistor and diodes is less than the output voltage. Computer simulation and experimental results confirmed the theoretical expectations.

Single-Stage Single-Switch Switched-Capacitor Buck/Buck-Boost-Type Converter

A new dc-dc converter featuring a steep step-down of the input voltage is presented. It answers a typical need for on-board aeronautics modern power architectures: power supplies with a large conversion ratio able to deliver an output voltage of 1-1.2 V. The proposed structure is derived from a switched-capacitor circuit integrated with a buck converter; they share the same active switch. The proposed solution removes the electromagnetic interference (EMI) emission due to the large di/dt in the input current of the switched-capacitor power supplies. Compared with a quadratic buck converter, it presents a similar complexity, a smaller reduction in the line voltage at full load (but less conduction losses due to smaller input inductor current and capacitor voltage), lower voltage stresses on the transistor and diodes, lower current stresses in the diodes, and smaller size inductors. A similar structure using a buck-boost converter as the second stage is also presented. The experimental results confirm the theoretical developments.

Novel AC-DC and DC-DC converters with a diode-capacitor multiplier

This paper presents a transformerless ac-dc and or dc-dc converter with a high output voltage multiplicity, which contains only one switch. The converter consists of an inverter and a diode-capacitor multiplier (DCM) and provides a voltage gain equal to double the number of multiplier steps. In the case of ac-dc conversion the proposed converter offers a practically unit power factor and provides a sine wave input current. The analysis of the steady state as well as the transient behavior of the DCM is given and simplified equivalent circuits are proposed. The prototype of the DCM has been built and tested to show the validity of the proposed converter. The theoretical analysis, the computer simulation results, and the experimental testing results are in good agreement.

Boost converter with high voltage gain using a switched capacitor circuit

An integrated boost switched-capacitor (SC) converter able to step-up the line by ten times is presented. It is formed by a SC-circuit containing three capacitors and a boost stage. The two power stages are not connected in cascade, but they are integrated for achieving an overall high efficiency. The SC-circuit allows for a steep voltage ratio; for efficiencys purpose, it is not regulated. The boost stage gives the line and load regulation, using a classical PWM control. The theoretical results based on an energy-balance approach and simulation using the exact cyclical differential equations of the converter are confirmed by the experimental results on a prototype of 35 W power.

Switched-capacitor (SC)/switched inductor (SL) structures for getting hybrid step-down Cuk/Sepic/Zeta converters

Three basic switching structures are defined: one is formed by two capacitors and three diodes; the other two are formed by two inductors and two diodes. They are inserted in either a Cuk converter, or a Sepic, or a Zeta converter. The SC/SL structures are built in such a way as when the active switch of the converter is on, the two inductors are charged in series or the two capacitors are discharged in parallel. When the active switch is off, the two inductors are discharged in parallel or the two capacitors are charged in series. As a result, the line voltage is reduced more times than in classical Cuk/Sepic/Zeta converters. The steady-state analysis of the new converters, a comparison of the DC voltage gain and of the voltage and current stresses of the new hybrid converters with those of the available quadratic converters, and experimental results are given