Yen Yue Lin

Interpretation and Use of Natriuretic Peptides in Non-Congestive Heart Failure Settings

Natriuretic peptides (NPs) have been found to be useful markers in differentiating acute dyspneic patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) and emerged as potent prognostic markers for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). The best-established and widely used clinical application of BNP and NT-proBNP testing is for the emergent diagnosis of CHF in patients presenting with acute dyspnea. Nevertheless, elevated NPs levels can be found in many circumstances involving left ventricular (LV) dysfunction or hypertrophy; right ventricular (RV) dysfunction secondary to pulmonary diseases; cardiac inflammatory or infectious diseases; endocrinology diseases and high output status without decreased LV ejection fraction. Even in the absence of significant clinical evidence of volume overload or LV dysfunction, markedly elevated NP levels can be found in patients with multiple comorbidities with a certain degree of prognostic value. Potential clinical applications of NPs are expanded accompanied by emerging reports regarding screening the presence of secondary cardiac dysfunction; monitoring the therapeutic responses, risk stratifications and providing prognostic values in many settings. Clinicians need to have expanded knowledge regarding the interpretation of elevated NPs levels and potential clinical applications of NPs. Clinicians should recognize that currently the only reasonable application for routine practice is limited to differentiation of acute dyspnea, rule-out-diagnostic-tests, monitoring of therapeutic responses and prognosis of acute or decompensated CHF. The rationales as well the potential applications of NPs in these settings are discussed in this review article.

Risk Factors for Recurrent Hypoglycemia in Hospitalized Diabetic Patients Admitted for Severe Hypoglycemia

Purpose Severe hypoglycemia can result in neural damage, impaired cognitive function, coma, seizures, or death. The decision to admit diabetic patients after initial treatment in the emergency department remains unclear. Our purpose is to identify risk factors for developing recurrent hypoglycemia in diabetic patients admitted for severe hypoglycemia. Materials and Methods We reviewed the records of 233 subjects (92 males, 141 females; mean age, 74.1 ± 9.8 years) with type 2 diabetes treated at a tertiary care teaching hospital and hospitalized for severe hypoglycemia. Results Seventy-four (31.8%) patients were categorized with recurrent hypoglycemia and 159 (68.2%) with non-recurrent. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with loss of a recent meal, coronary artery disease, infection, and poor renal function (lower estimated glomerular filtration rate) were at risk for recurrent hypoglycemia. The use of calcium-channel blockers appeared to be a protective factor for the development of recurrent hypoglycemia. Conclusion There may be a subset of patients with severe hypoglycemia and certain risk factors for recurrent hypoglycemia that should be admitted.

Intraventricular hematoma, subarachnoid hematoma and spinal epidural hematoma caused by lumbar puncture: an unusual complication.

Lumbar puncture is a commonly practiced bedside technique for acquiring cerebrospinal fluid for the purposes of examination, spinal anesthesia, and as therapeutic trial for normal pressure hydrocephalus. Headache and backache after lumbar puncture are not uncommon. We report an elderly woman who suffered from altered consciousness and acute neurologic deficit after a difficult lumbar puncture. Serial imaging studies revealed active bleeding from the left first lumbar artery with the formation of spinal epidural hematoma and coexisting acute cranial intraventricular hematoma and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Lumbar puncture may rarely associate with life-threatening complications. Acute spinal subdural hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage after lumbar puncture is a timely diagnosis and needs urgent interventions. Clinicians should be aware of these rare but life-threatening complications after lumbar puncture. A cranial unenhanced CT is mandatory for patients having acute altered consciousness after lumbar puncture. A thorough vascular imaging evaluation from the lumbar spine to the brain is warranted in selected cases.

Pyogenic liver abscess treated by percutaneous catheter drainage: MDCT measurement for treatment outcome

OBJECTIVE To analyze multidetector computed tomographic (MDCT) parameters in patients with pyogenic liver abscess (PLA), and to identify which parameters can be predicted percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) treatment outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical, laboratory and MDCT findings of 175 patients with PLA who had undergone PCD were retrospectively reviewed. All abscesses shown on MDCT were evaluated for size, margin, attenuation values, location, number of large (>3cm) abscesses, presence of a cystic component, presence of gas, and the shortest length to the liver capsule. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the MDCT parameters that affect PCD treatment outcome was performed. For continuous data of MDCT parameters (abscess size and the shortest length), we used receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve to determine the optimal cut-off values. RESULTS PCD was failed in 32 patients and the overall failure rate was 18.28%. Multivariate analysis revealed that PCD failure was predicted by the presence of gas (odds ratio [OR], 42.67), a large abscess (OR 1.21), low minimal attenuation values (OR 1.02), wide range of attenuation values (OR 1.01), a shorter length to the liver capsule (OR 0.09) and lack of a cystic component (OR 0.09) of the PLA. ROC curve showed that the shortest length less than 0.25cm and an abscess size greater than 7.3cm were the optimal cut-off values predicting PCD treatment failure. CONCLUSION Among these MDCT parameters, gas formation within PLA was the most important predictor for PCD failure. Surgical intervention might be considered early in high-risk patients of PCD failure.

Complicated acute appendicitis in diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with adverse events or complications in various gastrointestinal diseases. In this study, we examined whether diabetic patients had higher risk for the development of complicated acute appendicitis than nondiabetic patients. The relevant risk factors also were determined. METHODS A retrospective study enrolling diabetic and nondiabetic patients who acquired acute appendicitis was conducted at a single institution over a 5-year period. RESULTS We identified 1,184 patients with a primary discharge diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Seventy-one patients were found to have DM. Diabetic patients were older, had a higher risk of developing complicated acute appendicitis (CAA), and had a more prolonged hospital stay compared with nondiabetic patients. On further examination by multivariate logistic regression analysis, DM was an independent risk factor for CAA after adjusting for age and sex. Of the 71 diabetic patients, 46 patients (64.8%) were found to have CAA. The mean age of diabetic patients with uncomplicated acute appendicitis (DM/UAA) and CAA (DM/CAA) had no significant difference. The duration from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis was significantly longer in the DM/CAA than in the DM/UAA group. The mean length of hospital stay also was significantly longer in the DM/CAA than in the DM/UAA group. DM/CAA patients were found to have a higher rate of history of diabetic nephropathy as well as a higher serum creatinine level and a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate than DM/UAA patients. There was no statistical significance regarding patients older or younger than 60 years. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that diabetic patients had a higher risk for the development of CAA and a subsequently longer hospital stay than nondiabetic patients. Age was not an independent risk factor for the development of CAA in diabetic patients in our study. Delayed diagnosis, and probably a history of diabetic nephropathy, as well as poorer renal function were risk factors for the development of CAA in diabetic patients. The single most important risk factor was the duration from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis. Once CAA developed, the length of hospital stay was prolonged significantly.

The Characteristics of Acute Aortic Dissection among Young Chinese Patients: A Comparison between Marfan Syndrome and Non-Marfan Syndrome Patients.

Purpose Aortic dissection (AoD) is one of the most common catastrophes involving the aorta. Nevertheless, early diagnosis remains to be a challenge in the Emergency Department (ED), particularly in young individuals. In this study, we attempted to identify the characteristics of acute AoD among young individuals, particular in patients with Marfan syndrome. Materials and Methods This was an retrospective chart-review study conducted in a tertiary referring hospital. The hospital database was queried for the combination of AoD and patients under age of 40 years. The medical charts were reviewed to obtain demographic data, clinical data and laboratory characteristics by using a standardized data collection sheet. A comparison between Marfan syndrome and non-Marfan syndrome patients was performed. Results During the 10-years period, 18 of 344 patients with acute AoD were younger than 40 years-old. Patients with Marfan syndrome developed acute AoD at a younger age than patients without Marfan syndrome. The mean diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower in patients with Marfan syndrome upon presenting to the ED than those without. Patients with Marfan syndrome had trends toward higher risk of development of type A AoD, increased recurrence rate and higher mortality rate than those without. However, statistical significance was not present. Conclusion ED physicians should have high alert to acute AoD in young patients presenting with severe unexplained chest and back pain, particularly in those patients with a history of heart diseases, hypertension, and Marfan syndrome or featuring Marfanoid habitus. Acute coronary syndrome, unexplained abdominal symptoms, and sudden cardiac arrest could be the initial manifestation of AoD in young patients. A low threshold to perform enhanced computed tomography may facilitate early diagnosis and timely treatment in this patient population.

Movement disorder caused by abuse of veterinary anesthesia containing tiletamine

Zoletil (Telazol) is a fixed-ratio combination of the tranquilizer zolazepam, with the dissociative anesthetic tiletamine, used for injection anesthesia in dogs, cats, wild, and zoo animals. We report a veterinarian who developed movement disorder after abuse of Zoletil for a 2-week period. Phencyclidine derivatives, that is, tiletamine can induce movement disorder in human. Tiletamine/zolazepam can be abused for recreational purpose, especially by those people with easy access to veterinary medications. Emergency physicians should have high alert to the diverse presentations of drug abuse. This case again highlights that the association between accessibility of scheduled drugs and health care professionals.

Acute ruptured appendicitis and peritonitis with pseudomyocardial infarction.

Acute abdominal conditions unexpectedly present with electrocardiographic changes. However, the presence of electrocardiographic changes and misleading clinical manifestations may obscure true etiology and delay surgical interventions. We present a patient who developed ruptured appendicitis with peritonitis manifested as acute inferior wall myocardial infarction-like electrocardiographic changes. A thorough physical examination and early echocardiographic evaluation helped to differentiate this pseudomyocardial infarction. A 64-multidetector-row computed tomography of the abdomen showed ruptured retrocecal appendicitis, and emergent appendectomy was done. Normalization of ST segments was observed after surgery.

Bradyarrhythmia caused by ginseng in a patient with chronic kidney disease.

One of the most popularly used Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) is ginseng, which is a highly valued herb in the Far East and has gained popularity in the West during the last decades. Ginseng has been reported to have pharmacological effects, including modulation of immune response and anticancer, antiaging, anti-amnestic, cardiovascular protective, and wound-healing effects. It is known that ingestion of ginseng can cause false-positive reading in certain digoxin immunoassays; however, bradyarrhythmiacaused by ginseng-associated digitalis glycoside–like effect has not been reported before. We propose that Asian ginseng could exhibit cardiac glycoside-like cardiovascular effects in susceptible patients. Here, we present a patient who had chronic renal insufficiency who developed atrial fibrillation (AF) with slow ventricular rate after taking Asian ginseng for 1 week. An 83-year-old woman presented to the emergency department because of dizziness and general weakness for 1 day. She denied having any systemic illness before. She had been well until 1 month earlier, when she got a cold and started to take ginseng preparation. On arrival, her blood pressure was 101/52 mm Hg, pulse rate was 42 beats/min, and body temperature was 36.3°C. Physical examination disclosed irregular, slow heartbeat and grade II systolic murmur over the left lower sternum border. Results of focused neurological examinations were normal. The electrocardiogram demonstrated AF with slow ventricular rate and left ventricular hypertrophy. Her chest radiography disclosed only mild cardiomegaly. The results of laboratory examinations revealed the following: hemoglobin, 8.9 g/dL; blood urea nitrogen, 59 mg/dL; creatinine, 4.3 mg/dL; sodium, 133 mmol/L; potassium, 4.0 mmol/L; magnesium, 3.3 mg/dL; and free calcium, 4.09 mg/dL. The results of the remaining tests, including 0735-6757/

An evolutionary role of the ED: outcomes of patients with colorectal cancers presenting to the ED were not compromised☆☆☆

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