Yeon Bai

Validating the Food Behavior Questions from the Elementary School SPAN Questionnaire

BACKGROUNDnThe School Physical Activity and Nutrition (SPAN) questionnaire was developed as a surveillance instrument to measure physical activity, nutrition attitudes, and dietary and physical activity behaviors in children and adolescents. The SPAN questionnaire has 2 versions.nnnOBJECTIVEnThis study was conducted to evaluate the validity of food consumption items from the elementary school version of the SPAN questionnaire.nnnDESIGNnValidity was assessed by comparing food items selected on the questionnaire with food items reported from a single 24-hour recall covering the same reference period.nnnSETTINGn5 elementary schools in Indiana.nnnPARTICIPANTSnFourth-grade student volunteers (N = 121) from 5 elementary schools.nnnMAIN OUTCOME MEASUREnAgreement between responses to SPAN questionnaire items and reference values obtained through 24-hour dietary recall.nnnANALYSISnThe agreement between the questionnaire and the 24-hour recall was measured using Spearman correlation, percentage agreement, and kappa statistic.nnnRESULTSnCorrelation between SPAN item responses and recall data ranged from .25 (bread and related products) to .67 (gravy). The percentage agreement ranged from 26% (bread and related products) to 90% (gravy). The kappa statistic varied from .06 (chocolate candy) to .60 (beans).nnnCONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSnResults from this study indicate that the SPAN questionnaire can be administered in the classroom quickly and easily to measure many previous day dietary behaviors of fourth graders. However, questions addressing consumption of vegetables, candy, and snacks need further investigation.

Validation of a Short Questionnaire to Assess Mothers' Perception of Workplace Breastfeeding Support

The purpose of this study was to create and establish the validity of a short questionnaire to measure mothers perceived support for breastfeeding from the workplace. The items in the workplace breastfeeding support scale (WBSS) were derived from a literature review. The scale was self-administered in central Indiana during the fall of 2005 to a convenience sample of 66 volunteers who were primiparous, 6 to 12 months postpartum, worked outside home, and had initiated breastfeeding prior to the survey. Internal consistency (alpha) and split-half reliability (r) tests and a factor analysis were done to establish reliability and construct validity of the scale. The WBSS showed acceptable reliability (alpha=.77, r=0.86). Content validity was established by review using a panel of experts. Four distinct constructs of the scale were identified that accounted for 62.1% of the total variability of the scale: technical, environmental, facility, and peer support, thus establishing construct validity of the scale. Lactation consultants and worksite lactation program planners can use the WBSS to help mothers returning to work and to assess the needs for improvement of support programs.

Eating behaviors of older adults participating in government-sponsored programs with different demographic backgrounds.

The purpose of this study was to determine the food behaviors of nutritionally high-risk seniors as a function of their racial background, gender, marital status, and education level. A total of 69 seniors were identified to be at high nutritional risk using the Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI) checklist. A supplemental questionnaire (SQ) was created to examine the risk factors in relation to the participant’s demographic background. Key results indicated that Asians practiced healthy food behaviors and women were more likely to eat alone (p≤0.05). Married participants (90.9%) were most likely to consume 2 meals or more each day. College educated individuals practiced healthier eating, eating 5 servings or more of fruits and vegetables (p≤0.01) and 2 or more servings of milk and milk products (p≤0.01). These preliminary findings indicate that more studies should be conducted to focus on the demographic characteristics and food behaviors among older populations.

A Pilot Study For Plant The Seed: A Nutrition Education Program Using Local Food Environment To Put Theory Into Action

The purpose of this study is to implement Plant the Seed, a garden-based nutrition education program designed to reconnect children with locally grown food, food environments of the past and present, and the benefits of eating seasonal foods. The pilot study investigates environmental context and theory variables known to influence healthy food choice behavior. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) provided a framework for the program’s curriculum and evaluation. The target audience is middle school students. Plant the Seed is a two-part program. In Part 1 (classroom), students participate in practical, interactive activities based on specific educational objectives that target theory mediators. In Part 2 (field trip), students rotate through the community farm, kitchen herb garden and historic kitchen to engage in hands-on program activities. Pretest/posttest evaluation compared control and intervention students from two schools measured program effectiveness. Intervention school students (n = 16) improved behavioral intention (3.40 vs 3.53, P = 0.34), historical social norm (3.40 vs 3.79, P = 0.03), and outcome expectations (3.91 vs 4.19, P = 0.03). No change in variables among control students (n = 10). Plant the Seed had a positive impact on factors associated with healthy eating behavior. This program demonstrates how to effectively engage community resources, to promote the development and implementation of gardening environments that create hands-on opportunities for children to become directly connected to local food production, to learn about the environmental benefits of eating locally grown foods and to allow children to have access to a positive, sustainable food environment. Plant the Seed can serve as a model for future theory and garden-based nutrition intervention programs.

Improvement of food safety for older adults participating in congregate meal sites

The elderly population in the USA is rapidly growing and is expected to reach 72 million people by 2030, more than double the number in 2000. Older adults are more likely than younger adults to contract foodborne illness and therefore they experience more health complications from food contamination. As the elderly population increases, the number of participants in government-sponsored programmes such as congregate meals will also surge and more elderly people will become dependent on these meals for their daily nutritional needs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate food safety practices and to examine the benefit of additional monitoring of the facilities that provide food to the elderly. The four-year (2009–2012) survey of senior sites indicated a significant increase in the percentage of menus planned by dieticians and nutritionists from 2010 to 2012. Dieticians and nutritionists planned 11.2% of menus (2010) and 60% in 2012 ( p < 0.01). Another statistically significant improvement was in the number of cycle menus used; only 4.8% in 2010 and 38% in 2012 ( p = 0.02) Additional monitoring and inspection will improve food safety in congregate sites.