Yi-Sub Kwak

Combined effects of swim training and ginseng supplementation on exercise performance time, ROS, lymphocyte proliferation, and DNA damage following exhaustive exercise stress.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the combined effects of regular exercise and ginseng supplementation on peritoneal exudate ROS (reactive oxygen species), lymphocyte proliferation by splenocytes, and DNA damage following exhaustive exercise stress. Thirty-six female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control (UT, n = 12), trained (TR, n = 12), and ginseng supplemented and trained (GT, n = 12) groups. Each group was divided into two equal subgroups where mice were studied at rest (UTre, TRre, and GTre) or immediately after exhaustive exercise stress (UTex, TRex, and GTex). Animals were bred in the animal facility, where they were housed at 22-24 degrees C and relative humidity (RH) 50-60% in a controlled environment with a 12-hour photoperiod, and provided food and water ad libitum. The trained mice underwent 10 weeks of endurance swim training (5 times/week) in water at 27-30 degrees C for 60 minutes. The analytical items examined were weight, proliferative activity, the production of ROS from peritoneal exudate cells, and DNA damage following exhaustive exercise stress (2 h exercise stress). Significant level was set at p < 0.05. The results obtained showed that the trained group had a significantly lower mean body weight than the untrained group (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between UT and GT. Swim training increased swim survival time in TRex and GTex, and TRex showed the highest swim survival time. With regard to mitogenic activities of splenocytes in response to exhaustive exercise stress, all groups showed much lower lymphocyte proliferative activity when stimulated with media (Med), concanavalin A (ConA), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after exhaustive exercise stress. However, GTex had a higher proliferative activity than the other groups. Trained and ginseng-supplemented groups showed lower peritoneal ROS responses and lymphocyte DNA damage levels after exhaustive exercise. These findings suggest that the combined effect of swim training and ginseng supplementation sustain lymphocyte function in the presence of reduced ROS production and DNA damage following acute exercise stress.

Swim Training Increases Ovalbumin Induced Active Systemic Anaphylaxis in Mice

Aerobic training can be defined as any physical exercise that increases the heart rate and enhances the bodys intake of oxygen long enough to benefit the condition of the body. Running, cycling, and swimming are examples of aerobic activities. In recent years, the importance of sports in everyday life has been rapidly increasing. Moderate exercise appears to stimulate the immune system. However, healthy elite runners often complain about bronchial symptoms after heavy exercise. Exercise‐induced asthma and active systemic anaphylaxis are the most common problems seen in these individuals. The inter‐relationship of exercise and the allergy response has not been well studied. This study was designed to examine the effects of regular swim training on body weight, spleen index, the number of lymphocytes, scoring of active systemic anaphylactic shock, proliferative activity of splenic lymphocytes and cytokine levels in BALB/c mice. Thirty mice (6 weeks old) were involved in this study and they were divided into 3 groups: a control group (Control, n = 10), a sensitized group (Sensitized, n = 10), and a sensitized‐trained group (Sen‐trained, n = 10). The sen‐trained group was studied after 10 weeks of regular swim training. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation by using SPSS (ver.10.0). The swim training caused a decrease in body weight (p < 05), an increase of spleen index, active systemic anaphylaxis, lymphocyte proliferation (stimulated with ovalbumin), and cytokine levels (especially IL‐4) when comparing the sen‐trained group to the sensitized group (p < 05). These data indicate that there is a link between allergy anaphylaxis and regular swim training. This may be due to increased lymphocyte proliferation (stimulated with ovalbumin), ASAS (active systemic anaphylactic shock) score, and IL‐4 cytokine levels after exercise.

Impact of aerobic and anaerobic exercise training on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in athletes

Exercise mediates an excessive free radical production leading to oxidative stress (OS). The body has natural antioxidant systems that help decrease OS, and these systems may be enhanced with exercise training. However, only a few studies have investigated the differences in resting OS and antioxidant capacity (AOC) between aerobically trained athletes (ET), anaerobically trained athletes (RT), and untrained individuals (UT). Therefore, this study sought to investigate the resting and postexercise OS and AOC in ET, RT, and UT. Sixty healthy young males (26.6±0.8 yr) participated in this study. Subjects were divided into three groups, ET, RT, and UT by distinct training background. Resting plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PC) were not significantly different in ET, RT, and UT. However, MDA and PC were significantly increased following a graded exercise test (GXT) in UT but not in ET and RT. Resting total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels and TAC were not different in ET, RT, and UT. Interestingly, TAC levels significantly decreased after the GXT in all groups. Additionally, UT showed lower post-exercise TAC levels compared to ET and RT. These results showed that ET, RT, and UT have similar OS and AOC at rest. However, both ET and RT have greater AOC against exercise mediated OS compared to UT. These findings may explain, at least in part, why both aerobic and anaerobic types of exercise training improve redox balance. However, it appears there is no specific exercise type effect in terms of redox balance.

The Effects of Combined Exercise on Health-Related Fitness, Endotoxin, and Immune Function of Postmenopausal Women with Abdominal Obesity.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of combined exercise on health-related fitness, endotoxin concentrations, and immune functions of postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity. 20 voluntary participants were recruited and they were randomly allocated to the combined exercise group (n = 10) or the control group (n = 10). Visceral obesity was defined as a visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio ≥0.4 based on computed tomography (CT) results. Body composition, exercise stress testing, fitness measurement, CT scan, and blood variables were analyzed to elucidate the effects of combined exercise. The SPSS Statistics 18.0 program was used to calculate means and standard deviations for all variables. Significant differences between the exercise group and control group were determined with 2-way ANOVA and paired t-tests. The exercise groups abdominal obesity was mitigated due to visceral fat reduction; grip strength, push-ups, and oxygen uptake per weight improved; and HDL-C and IgA level also increased, while TNF-α, CD14, and endotoxin levels decreased. Lowered TNF-α after exercise might have an important role in the obesity reduction. Therefore, we can conclude that combined exercise is effective in mitigating abdominal obesity, preventing metabolic diseases, and enhancing immune function.

Exhaustive submaximal endurance and resistance exercises induce temporary immunosuppression via physical and oxidative stress

Regular running and strength training are the best ways to improve aerobic capacity and develop the size of skeletal muscles. However, uncontrolled physical activities can often lead to an undertraining or over-training syndrome. In particular, overtraining causes persistent fatigue and reduces physical performance due to changes in the various physiological and immunological factors. In this study, we gave an exhaustive submaximal endurance or resistance exercise to participants and investigated the relationship between physical stress (cortisol level in blood), oxidative stress (intracellular ROS accumulation), and adaptive immune response (CD4:CD8 ratio). Materials and Methods Ten male volunteers were recruited, and performed a submaximal endurance or resistance exercise with 85% of VO2max or 1-repetition maximum until exhaustion. Blood samples were collected at rest, and at 0 and 30 min after the exercise. Cortisol levels, oxidative stress, and immune cell phenotypes in peripheral blood were evaluated. Cortisol levels in the sera increased after the exhaustive endurance and resistance exercises and such increments were maintained through the recovery. Intra-cellular ROS levels also increased after the exhaustive endurance and resistance exercises. The ratio of CD4+ T cells to CD8+ T cells after each type of submaximal exercise decreased compared with that at the resting stage, and returned to the resting level at 30 min after the exercise. In this study, an exhaustive endurance or a resistance exercise with submaximal intensity caused excessive physical stress, intra-cellular oxidative stress, and post-exercise immunosuppression. This result suggests that excessive physical stress induced temporary immune dysfunction via physical and oxidative stress.

Immunological Aspects of Contemporary Exercise

Exercise is the strongest stress to which the body is ever exposed. The body responds to this stress through a set of physiological changes in its metabolic, hormonal, and immunological systems. In this study, responses of the immune system to the long-term aerobic and anaerobic exercises have been investigated. Regular moderate exercise is associated with a reduced incidence of infection compared with a sedentary groups. Aerobic training increases the heart rate and enhances the bodys intake of oxygen long enough to benefit the condition of the body. In recent years, the importance of exercise in everyday life has been rapidly increasing. Moderate exercise appears to stimulate the immune system. And also, Exercise elicits an increase in the numbers of circulating lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets (including NK cells) which is followed by a decrease in the numbers of cells during recovery from exercise. However, prolonged bouts of strenuous exercise cause a temporary depression of various aspects of immune functions (e.g. lymphocyte proliferation, monocyte antigen presentation, open window periods, exercise induced asthma, exercise induced anaphylaxis) that usually lasts 2-24 hr after exercise depending on the intensity and duration of the exercise bout. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) was defined as a decrease of at least 15% in pre exercise forced expiratory volume in one second at any time point after exercise. This includes elevation of cortisol and cathecholamines in plasma. On the other hand, highly trained athletes exhibit a chronic mild hypercortisolism at baseline that maybe an adaptive change to chronic exercise. And, Consuming carbohydrate during prolonged strenuous exercise attenuates rises in stress hormones and appears to limit the degree of exercise-induced immune depression. Recent evidence suggests that antioxidant vitamin supplementation may also reduce exercise stress and impairment of leukocyte functions.

Study on time-based variation of blood circulation index, pulse wave energy, and RAI of healthy adult men after different eating times

Background The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of different eating times on blood circulation index, pulse wave energy (E), and radial augmentation index (RAI) of healthy adult men. Methods Blood circulation index, E, and RAI were measured using a three-dimensional (3-D) pulse imaging system (3-D MAC) at before, right after, 30 minutes after, 1 hour after, and 2 hours after eating. Results In the blood circulation index, heart rate (HR), estimated cardiac output (ECO), and estimated cardiac output index (ECI) increased significantly right after eating compared to before eating. By contrast, estimated circulation resistance (ECR) and estimated circulation resistance index (ECRI) decreased significantly right after eating compared to before eating. E had a tendency to increase right after eating compared to before eating and decrease gradually at every experimental point (left and right Chon, Kwan, and Cheok). RAI had a tendency to decrease right after eating compared to before eating and increase gradually at every experimental point. Conclusions Different eating times can bring about changes on blood circulation index, E, and RAI. These changes show a certain tendency and coincide with the physiological factors that eating causes a rise of HR, an increase of systolic cardiac pump performance, and a reduction of peripheral vascular resistance.

The Review of Environment, Food and Exercise on Allergy Anaphylaxis

Exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA) is a physical allergy, sometimes severe, triggered by exertion following specific food intake. It was defined for the first time in 1980. EIA is associated with different kinds of exercise. The clinical manifestations progress from itching, erythema and urticaria to some combination of cutaneous angioedema and vascular collapse. Mast cell participation in the pathogenesis of this syndrome has been proved by the findings of an elevated serum histamine level during exhaustive exercise. As predisposing factors of EIA, a specific or even nonspecific sensitivity to food has been reported. Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is a distinct form of food allergy induced by physical exercise. It is typified by the onset of anaphylaxis during exercise which was preceded by the ingestion of the causal food allergens. The diagnosis of FDEIA is heavily dependent on clinical history. Allergy tests may need to be performed using a broad panel of food and food additives. As with food allergies, FDEIA diagnosis is based on interview, biological test and skin test. Prophylaxis aims to prevent a recurrence; the patient should be given an emergency kit to deal with any recurrent episodes. After the food allergen has been identified, it should be avoided for at least 4 to 5 hours before any exercise. Two cases of EIA are presented (EIA to circumstances; FDEIA) in this paper, The diagnosis, pathophysiology and therapy of FDEIA are also reviewed.

Triathlon-Related Overuse Injury and Medical Issues

As the nature of triathlons is competition in three successive sports, triathletes experience elevated levels of stress on the body that are absent in single-sport athletic events, and consequently there are more potential medical problems to prepare for. Triathletes can also experience problems such as hypothermia, heat illness, excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation, musculoskeletal injuries and trauma, immunosuppression, and haemolysis. Depending on the potentiality of such above-listed problems occurring in any given race, race organizers will prepare preventative measures and treatments accordingly. Olympic distance is not the only triathlon racing distance. Sprints, which are normally around half the Olympic distance, are common distances, as well as Long (2 km swim, 80 km bike, 20 km run), Ironman (3.8 km swim, 180 km bike, 42 km run), and ultra-distance events varying in length. Races of longer duration normally result in a higher percentage of athletes experiencing the above-mentioned medical problems, as well as inducing additional health risks such as hyponatraemia. Minimizing the occurrences of serious health issues is possible through the following means: carefully preparing for the probable race-day weather conditions; proper management and organization of the race; preparing an extensive water-safety and ground-course safety plan; distributing necessary nutrition along the course; and stressing the importance for athletes to have proper knowledge concerning race nutrition, biomechanical technique, physical preparation, and utilization of safe equipment. While risks of competing in triathlon are many, the instances of such medical problems are not excessive, and the triathlon has a reputation of being a reasonably safe sport as long as athletes with high risk take added precautions.

Effects of Different Exercise Intensity on FDEIA and Related Mechanisms

본 연구에서는 우선 운동 강도(저강도, 중강도, 고강도)를 달리하여 훈련한 서로 다른 그룹에서 운동 유발성 알러지 아나필락시스의 차이를 규명하고 운동강도에 따른 운동 유발성 알러지 질환의 기전을 규명하고자 본 연구를 실시 하였다. 본 실험을 위하여 군당 25마리씩 통제군(S; control sensitized, n=25), 저강도 훈련군(S30, n=25), 중강도 훈련군(S50, n=25) 및 고강도 훈련군(S80, n=25)으로 구분하여 수영훈련 강도별 알러지를 유도하였을 때, 알러지 아나필락시스를 조사하고 아울러 비장지수, 림프구의 수, 림프구 증식반응, 싸이토카인(IL-4, INF-