Yifan Xu

Flexible, Stretchable, and Rechargeable Fiber-Shaped Zinc-Air Battery Based on Cross-Stacked Carbon Nanotube Sheets.

The fabrication of flexible, stretchable and rechargeable devices with a high energy density is critical for next-generation electronics. Herein, fiber-shaped Zn-air batteries, are realized for the first time by designing aligned, cross-stacked and porous carbon nanotube sheets simultaneously that behave as a gas diffusion layer, a catalyst layer, and a current collector. The combined remarkable electronic and mechanical properties of the aligned carbon nanotube sheets endow good electrochemical properties. They display excellent discharge and charge performances at a high current density of 2 A g(-1) . They are also flexible and stretchable, which is particularly promising to power portable and wearable electronic devices.

Hierarchically arranged helical fibre actuators driven by solvents and vapours.

Mechanical responsiveness in many plants is produced by helical organizations of cellulose microfibrils. However, simple mimicry of these naturally occurring helical structures does not produce artificial materials with the desired tunable actuations. Here, we show that actuating fibres that respond to solvent and vapour stimuli can be created through the hierarchical and helical assembly of aligned carbon nanotubes. Primary fibres consisting of helical assemblies of multiwalled carbon nanotubes are twisted together to form the helical actuating fibres. The nanoscale gaps between the nanotubes and micrometre-scale gaps among the primary fibres contribute to the rapid response and large actuation stroke of the actuating fibres. The compact coils allow the actuating fibre to rotate reversibly. We show that these fibres, which are lightweight, flexible and strong, are suitable for a variety of applications such as energy-harvesting generators, deformable sensing springs and smart textiles.

High‐Performance Lithium–Air Battery with a Coaxial‐Fiber Architecture

The lithium-air battery has been proposed as the next-generation energy-storage device with a much higher energy density compared with the conventional lithium-ion battery. However, lithium-air batteries currently suffer enormous problems including parasitic reactions, low recyclability in air, degradation, and leakage of liquid electrolyte. Besides, they are designed into a rigid bulk structure that cannot meet the flexible requirement in the modern electronics. Herein, for the first time, a new family of fiber-shaped lithium-air batteries with high electrochemical performances and flexibility has been developed. The battery exhibited a discharge capacity of 12,470 mAh g(-1) and could stably work for 100 cycles in air; its electrochemical performances were well maintained under bending and after bending. It was also wearable and formed flexible power textiles for various electronic devices.

A Self-Healing Aqueous Lithium-Ion Battery

Flexible lithium-ion batteries are critical for the next-generation electronics. However, during the practical application, they may break under deformations such as twisting and cutting, causing their failure to work or even serious safety problems. A new family of all-solid-state and flexible aqueous lithium ion batteries that can self-heal after breaking has been created by designing aligned carbon nanotube sheets loaded with LiMn2 O4 and LiTi2 (PO4 )3 nanoparticles on a self-healing polymer substrate as electrodes, and a new kind of lithium sulfate/sodium carboxymethylcellulose serves as both gel electrolyte and separator. The specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling performance can be well maintained after repeated cutting and self-healing. These self-healing batteries are demonstrated to be promising for wearable devices.

An All-Solid-State Fiber-Shaped Aluminum–Air Battery with Flexibility, Stretchability, and High Electrochemical Performance

Owing to the high theoretical energy density of metal-air batteries, the aluminum-air battery has been proposed as a promising long-term power supply for electronics. However, the available energy density from the aluminum-air battery is far from that anticipated and is limited by current electrode materials. Herein we described the creation of a new family of all-solid-state fiber-shaped aluminum-air batteries with a specific capacity of 935 mAh g(-1) and an energy density of 1168 Wh kg(-1) . The synthesis of an electrode composed of cross-stacked aligned carbon-nanotube/silver-nanoparticle sheets contributes to the remarkable electrochemical performance. The fiber shape also provides the aluminum-air batteries with unique advantages; for example, they are flexible and stretchable and can be woven into a variety of textiles for large-scale applications.

Electromechanical Actuator Ribbons Driven by Electrically Conducting Spring-Like Fibers.

Electrically conducting fibers are woven into polymer ribbons to prepare electromechanical actuators. The ribbons generate a strain rate of more than 10(3) times that of typical electrochemical actuators, accompanied by a lower operating voltage and faster responsiveness compared to electrostatic and electrothermal actuators. Programmable actuation including bending, contraction, elongation, and rotation are shown with a high reversibility.

A Mechanically Actuating Carbon-Nanotube Fiber in Response to Water and Moisture.

A new family of hierarchically helical carbon-nanotube fibers with many nano- and micro-scale channels has been synthesized. They demonstrate remarkable mechanical actuations in response to water and moisture. The water or moisture is first rapidly transported through the trunk micron-scale channels and then efficiently infiltrates into the interconnected capillary nanoscale channels, similar to the blood flow in our body. Therefore, rapid and large contraction and rotation of the fiber occurs with a high reversibility. These mechanically actuating fibers are promising for various applications, and smart windows and louvers have been investigated as two demonstrations.

Biologically Inspired, Sophisticated Motions from Helically Assembled, Conducting Fibers

A hierarchically helical organization of carbon nanotubes into macroscopic fibers enables sophistication while controlling three-dimensional electromechanical actuations, e.g., an artificial swing and tail. The actuation generates a stress of more than 260 times that of a typical natural skeletal muscle and an accelerated velocity of more than 10 times that of a cheetah at low electric currents with high reversibility, good stability, and availability to various media.

A one‐dimensional fluidic nanogenerator with a high power conversion efficiency

Electricity generation from flowing water has been developed for over a century and plays a critical role in our lives. Generally, heavy and complex facilities are required for electricity generation, while using these technologies for applications that require a small size and high flexibility is difficult. Here, we developed a fluidic nanogenerator fiber from an aligned carbon nanotube sheet to generate electricity from any flowing water source in the environment as well as in the human body. The power conversion efficiency reached 23.3 %. The fluidic nanogenerator fiber was flexible and stretchable, and the high performance was well-maintained after deformation over 1 000 000 cycles. The fiber also offered unique and promising advantages, such as the ability to be woven into fabrics for large-scale applications.

Preparation of biomimetic hierarchically helical fiber actuators from carbon nanotubes

Mechanically responsive materials that are able to sense and respond to external stimuli have important applications in soft robotics and the formation of artificial muscles, such as intelligent electronics, prosthetic limbs, comfort-adjusting textiles and miniature actuators for microfluidics. However, previous artificial muscles based on polymer materials are insufficient in generating large actuations, fast responses, diverse deformation modes and high cycle performances. To this end, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are proposed as promising candidates to be assembled into artificial muscles, as they are lightweight, robust and have high surface-to-volume ratios. This protocol describes a reproducible biomimetic method for preparing a family of hierarchically arranged helical fiber (HHF) actuators that are responsive to solvents and vapors. These HHFs are produced through helical assembly of CNTs into primary fibers and further twisting of the multi-ply primary fibers into a helical structure. A large number of nanoscale gaps between the CNTs and micron-scale gaps between the primary fibers ensure large volume changes and fast responses upon the infiltration of solvents and vapors (e.g., water, ethanol, acetone and dichloromethane) by capillarity. The modes of shape transformations can be modulated precisely by controlling how the CNTs are assembled into primary fibers, multi-ply primary fibers, HHFs and hierarchical springs. This protocol provides a prototype for preparing actuators with different fiber components. The overall time required for the preparation of HHF actuators is 17 h.