Yogendra Kumar

The Distribution and Characterization of Staphylococci in Infant Foods

Food poisoning microbial agent can cause diarrhoel disease and ill-health in infant. Staphylococcal organisms constitute a very important group of pathogens which is the great significance because these are the most common bacteria causing food poisoning. Being Iquitos in nature, staphylococci are usually present in raw milk and some strains may turn out to be exterotoxigonic S.aureus . The current investigation revealed significance variations in the staphylococcal counts of infant food. A total eight brands of infant milk food and three brands of weaning food samples were collected around from Meerut city in U.P. in the year 2009-10. The collected samples were analysed for staphylococcal counts and their characterization. Staphylococci were recovered from almost all brands of infant foods. Among positive samples, approximately, 3.28 per cent contained more than 5000 staphylococci per gram, while, 11.47 per cent had a count between 501 and 5000 and further observed that 26.23 per cent were considered to be of good quality as they contained less than 10 staphylococci per gram of samples. During the present study, 142 isolates of staphylococci were recovered from infant food samples. All these isolates produced catalase and fermented glucose anaerobically based on additional characters of production of coagulase, phosphatase and anaerobic fermentation of mannitol, 53 strains were identified as S.aureus . Therefore, there is a likelihood of incidence of these organisims in the finished products. The chance contamination during processing cannot also be ignored, because these are the most common bacteria causing food poisoning.

Employment and income through dairying in members and Non-Members of dairy Co-Operatives in Meerut District of West Ern U.P.

Milk production in the country is in the hands of millions of small producers in rural areas, who largely consist of rural poor. Dairying is one of such activity to provide employment at their own place. Dairy co-operative could be a suitable instrument for plannned development of dairying in the country, which could help to increase milk production, employment opportunities and provide remunerated price through organised milk marketing facilities. The study was conducted in Gangol Dugdh Utpadak Sahakari Sangh Ltd (G.D.U.S.S.) Meerut of western U.P. Out of 12 blocks one block was selected for the present study purposively. Then, 75 cases from members and 75 cases from non-members of weaker sections communities was selected. The present study was based on primary data. The data were related to the year 2015–2016. The study shows that the overall labour utilization per family per year was 120.58 man days in members and 103.83 man days in non-members. The study further shows that overall family labour income per year from milk was Rs. 137284.36 in members and Rs. 100084.36 in non-members. The employment and income through dairying was higher in members in comparison to non-members of dairy co-operatives. Thus, there is a need to expand the network of dairy co-operatives to a greater extent for the benefit of rural milk producers.

Adoption level of dairy farmers regarding clean milk production practices at field level in western U.P.

The challenge before the dairy farmers is how well they can manage the livestock to enhance the raw milk quality on a sustained basis. Therefore, efficient use of resources depends to greater extent on how they acquire and adopt innovations in the sector of animal husbandry in effective manner to reach higher level of performance. The milk quality is determined by aspects of composition and hygiene of milk. Dairy farmer is the key client in this process who decides the quality of milk. The study was conducted to know the adoption level of dairy farmers regarding clean milk production practices in four milk unions of western Uttar Pradesh in the year 2008-09. A total of 120 respondents (60 CMP and 60 N-CMP) were interviewed from four said milk unions. In each milk union 30 selected dairy farmers were again divided in two groups i.e., 15 farmers of CMP and 15 farmers of N-CMP programme under dairy co-operative society such type of distribution of sample size was done for assessing the comparison between CMP and N-CMP programme villages. It was observed that 58.33 per cent and 53.33 per cent had medium level of overall adoption, 13.33 per cent and 26.67 per cent of them having low level of overall adoption, while 28.33 per cent and 20 per cent of the respondents had high level of overall adoption, under CMP and N-CMP, respectively. The results in study clearly showed that milk quality at all levels of milk collection i.e. pail level (milk sample collected at the time of milking), DCS level (milk sample collected at dairy co-operative society) and dock level (milk sample collected at dairy plant) level was positively correlated with adoption level of dairy farmers regarding CMP practices. Therefore, raising adoption of clean milk production practices are of paramount importance for dairy farmers. This will open up new vistas and make possible for dairy farmers to achieve substantial gains in income. Raising the clean milk production is the fundamental problem. This problem needs to be carefully tackled for long run resolution of under developed animal husbandry.

Problems Faced by Members and Non-Members of Dairy Co-Operatives in Adoption of Improved Management Practices in District Saharanpur of U.P.

The present study was made to sort out the problems related to breeding, feeding, veterinary care, marketing and financial management practices faced by the members and non-members of dairy co-operatives of weaker sections communities and to suggest suitable measures to overcome these problems in Saharanpur district of U.P. in the year 2008-09. The data were collected from 75 members and 75 non-members of dairy co-operatives of weaker sections families (small, marginal farmers and landless labourers) through interview schedule. The major problems reported by members and non-members of dairy co-operatives were related to breeding i.e. lack of availability of improved breed, distance location of artificial insemination centre and another problem was related to feeding i.e. lack of knowledge about balanced feeding, nonavailability of green fodder throughout the year, the other problem was related to veterinary care i.e. distant location of veterinary hospitals, no knowledge about vaccination schedule and another problem related to marketing and finance i.e. lack of finance for working capital and low price of milk and lack of marketing facilities in the village were perceived as the most serious problems faced by members and nonmembers of dairy co-operatives. The non-members of dairy co-operatives face major problems with high severity in comparison to members of dairy co-operatives. Thus, there is a need to remove these problems to increase dairy business through weaker sections families to raise their income.