Yoji Sonoda

Comparison of the toxicity of heavy metals to cabbage growth

SummaryCabbage plants were grown for 55 days with a nutrient solution containing 1 and 10 ppm of V, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg(I), orHg(II). A comparison of the plant growth and chemical analysis revealed that Cr(VI), Cu, Cd, and Hg(II) in the solution are most toxic to the plant growth (hence detrimental to the cabbage-head formation) and Mn, Fe, and Zn are less toxic than other heavy metals, and that Mn, Zn, Co, Ni, and Cd and translocated into all the plant organs while V, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Fe, Cu, Hg(I), and Hg(II) are accumulated in the roots.

GROWTH RESPONSE OF CABBAGE PLANTS TO TRANSITION ELEMENTS UNDER WATER CULTURE CONDITIONS : I. Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, and Iron

Abstract Cabbage plants were water-cultured under 4 levels of titanium (0,0,4,4,20 ppm), vanadium (0, 0.4,4, 20 ppm), chromium (0, 0.2, 2, 10 ppm), manganese (0, 0.4, 4, 20 ppm), and iron (0, 1, 10, 50 ppm), and the effects of the elements supplied on the growth of the plants and on the distribution of the elements in the plants were studied. The dry weight of a whole plant and of inner leaves (yield) without the addition of Ti, V, and Cr did not decrease, while that without the addition of Mn and Fe decreased slightly. The addition of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, and Fe (more than 0.4, 0.4, 2, 4, and 10 ppm, respectively) decreased the yield. Slight transition element-induced chlorosis was observed in the plots at high levels of Ti, Cr, and Mn. The contents of the elements in the plants increased with an increase in the concentration of each element in the culture solution. The critical contents of Mn and Fe in plant-tops which resulted in a slight decrease in the yield due to the deficient injury were estimated to be...

FACTORS AFFECTING CADMIUM UPTAKE BY THE CORN PLANT

Abstract Corn plants, were water-cultured by varying pH and concentration of calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and iron in nutrient solution containing graded levels of cadmium. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) With an increase of the cadmium concentration, the cadmium content of plants increased and the total dry weight and grain yield decreased markedly in the absence of calcium. Under these conditions the addition of calcium or iron caused a decrease of the cadmium content, and an increase of the dry weight and grain yield. The pH and the addition of phosphorus or zinc had no notable effect on the cadmium uptake. 2) The relationship between dry weight and cadmium content indicated that the critical cadmium content, above which plants suffer from the cadmium toxicity, was about 20 ppm on a dry matter basis, independent of treatments. 3) Calcium or iron at an adequate concentration in nutrient solution are effective to depress cadmium uptake by corn plants.

Effects of boron deficiency and calcium supply on the calcium metabolism in tomato plant

SummaryTomato plants were grown in water-culture with a different supply of Ca (10, 100 ppm) and B (0, 0.2 ppm), and the effects of B deficiency on the translocation and subcellular distribution of Ca in tomato plants were studied by using45CaCl2 as a carrier of Ca. Boron deficiency slight increased the total Ca uptake by the plant and inhibited the Ca translocation to the upper leaves. The incorporation of45Ca into the cell wall in the upper leaves was increased by B deficiency at both Ca levels. As Ca supply decreased, the distribution of45Ca in the 1N NaCl fraction of the cell wall increased only at 0.2 ppm B. As B supply decreased, the distribution of45Ca in the 0.6N HCl fraction increased at both Ca levels.These results suggest that B deficiency inhibit the translocation of Ca, and induce the abnormal changes of the Ca metabolism in the cell wall.

CABBAGE-HEAD DEVELOPMENT AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN AND TEMPERATURE

Cabbage plants were grown at graded levels of nitrate nitrogen (20 and 100 ppm N) and temperature (15, 20, and 25°C), and the effects of these treatments on cabbage-head development were investigat...

Growth response of cabbage plants to transition elements under water culture conditions: II. Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, and Molybdenum

Cabbage plants were water-cultured under 4 levels of cobalt (0, 0.05, 0.5, 5 ppm), nickel (0, 0.04, 0.4, 2 ppm), copper (0, 0.1, 0.5, 2,5 ppm), zinc (0, 0.4, 2, 10 ppm), and molybdenum (0, 0,1, 1, 10 ppm), and tlte effects were studied of the transition dements including other elements (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, and Fe) in the preceding report on the growth of the plants and on the distribution of the elements in the plants. The dry weight of a whole plant and of inner leaves (yield) without the addition of Zn and Mo decreased slightly. The critical contents of Zn and Mo in outer leave? which resulted in a slight decrease in the yield due to the deficient injury were estimated to be about 15 and 0.2 ppm. The yield decreased at high levels of all the transition elements in the culture solution, and the contents of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mo in outer leaves when the yield decreased by 50% due to the excess injury were about 30, 70, 25, 400, and 200 ppm, respectively. Cabbage plants were considered least tolerant ...

The role of macronutrients for cabbage-head formation (preliminary report)

Abstract The growth performance of a cabbage plant and potassium nutrition in the plant were studied under water culture conditions. The whole growth ataae was characterized by the followin, sub-growth phases: initial growth (0-30 days after sowing), outer-leaf expansion (30-60), outer-leaf development (60-90), and cabbaae-head development (90-120) phases. The outer-leaf development phase overlaps the earlier cabbaae-head development phase. As the potassium concentration in the culture solution increased from 0 to 100 ppm, the dry weiaht of the plants (harvested at 117 days after sowing) increased, and at 1000 ppm there was a slight decrease in the dry weight. The potassium content of the outer leaves, less than 0.5% on a dry basis, was unfavorable for cabbage-head formation.

THE ROLE OF MACRONUTRIENTS FOR CABBAGE-HEAD FORMATION : I. Contribution to Cabbage-Head Formation of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, or Potassium Supplied at Different Growth Stages

Abstract A water culture experiment was conducted to interpret how three major nutrients (N, P, K) contribute to cabbage-head fonnation when they are supplied in a different amount and at different growth stages. The critical N, P, and K contents in the outer leaves which resulted in a 50% decrease in the cabbage-head yield due to each deficiency were 1.3, 0.1. and 0.3% on a dry basis, respectively. The longer the period of each nutrient supply, the higher was the cabbage-head yield. The contribution of nitrogen per unit weight to cabbage-head fonnation was the highest at the third growth stage (i.e. early cabbage-head development phase) and that of phosphorus and potassium at the first growth stage (i.e. outer-leaf expansion phase) among the four growth stages. The nitrogen supplied for 20 days at any growth stage of the four growth stages did not produce an ordinary cabbage-bead but the phosphorus at the second growth stage (i.e. outerleaf development phase) produced a big cabbage-head comparable to tha...

Growth response of cabbage plants to sodium halides under water culture conditions

Abstract Cabbage plants were water-cultured with the addition of sodium halides to culture solution, i.e., NaF(0, 5, 50, 250 ppm F), NaCl(0, 50, 500, 2,500 ppm Cl), NaBr(0, 5, 50, 250ppm Br), and NaI(0, 0.2,2,10 ppm I), and the effects of the addition on the growth of the plants were studied. The plants without an addition of the sodium halides had the highest dry weight of all the plant and the highest yield (dry weight of the inner leaves) and showed no symptom of a deficiency injury. As the concentration of F, Cl, Dr, and I in the culture solution increased (more than 50, 500,50, and 0.2 ppm, respectively), both the dry weight and the yield decreased, and symptoms caused by the excess of the elements developed in the plants with the halogen contents in the plants increasing. The critical contents of F, Cl, Dr, and I which resulted in the 50% decrease in the yield due to the excess injury were estimated to be about 0.05, 2.0, 1.5, and 0.04% on a dry basis in the outer leaves and 3.0, 1.5, 1.0, and 0.15%...

Growth response of cabbage plants to lithium, sodium, and rubidium under water culture conditions

Abstract Cabbage (B. oleracea L. var. capitata L.) plants wore grown for 79 days in cuture solutions obtaining 4 levels of lithium, 0, 0.1, 1. 10 mel) sodium (0, 0.2. 2, 20, or rubidium , 0, 0.05, 0.5) combined with a low or high supply of potassium(0.2 or 2 mcf/l, and the effects of the cations supplied on the growth and ration composition of the plants were studied. The total dry weight of the plants decreased at higher levels of the cations, especially Li in the culture solution, concurrent with an increaie in the contents of each cation in the plants. The decrease in the dry weight at higher levels was smaller in the high K supply, than in the low supply, causing a decrease in the contents of the cations. The critical contents of Li, Na, and which resulted in a 50° decrease in the dry weight or inner leaves due to excess injury were estimated to be about 0.07, 2.5, and 3.0% on a dry basis in the outer leaves and 0.05, 2.0, and 3.0% in the roots, respectively, regardless of the K supply.