Yolanda Rodríguez-Castro

Spanish Adolescents’ Attitudes toward Transpeople: Proposal and Validation of a Short Form of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a short form of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale and assess adolescents’ attitudes toward transpeople. A total of 800 Spanish adolescents aged between 14 and 18 years (50.70% girls, 49.30% boys) completed the Spanish version of the scale and other related questionnaires. The short form of the scale is composed of 12 items clustered into two factors (Transphobia/Genderism and Gender Bashing) that explain 54.22% of the variance. All the items showed good discriminating power, and the present scale demonstrated adequate reliability and validity. In the study, boys exhibited significantly more negative attitudes toward transpeople than girls did, both in the affective/cognitive dimension (Transphobia/Genderism) and in the behavioral dimension (Gender Bashing). Moreover, adolescents showed significantly more negative attitudes toward gender-nonconforming men than toward gender-nonconforming women. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the maintenance of discriminatory attitudes toward sexual diversity.

Bullying Among Spanish Secondary Education Students: The Role of Gender Traits, Sexism, and Homophobia

The aim of the present study was to assess the combined influence of gender stereotypes, sexism, and homophobia on attitudes toward bullying and bullying behavior. A total of 1,500 Spanish adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age (49.3% girls and 50.7% boys) completed a questionnaire that included measures of bullying, attitudes toward bullying, gender-stereotyped personality traits (instrumentality and expressiveness), hostile and benevolent sexism, and attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. First, the findings demonstrated that boys scored significantly higher on all the variables assessed except on benevolent sexism. Two similar models were obtained for both sexes. Benevolent sexism and, in boys, more positive attitudes toward gay men predicted more negative attitudes toward bullying when mediated by more expressive gender traits. An inverse pattern was also observed: Hostile sexism predicted more favorable attitudes toward bullying when mediated by instrumental gender traits. Attitudes toward bullying were highly correlated with bullying behavior. The five-predictor variables (including attitudes toward bullying) explained 58% of the variance of bullying behavior in girls and 37% of such variance in boys.

La fiabilidad y validez de la escala de mitos hacia el amor: las creencias de los y las adolescentes

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es validar la Escala de Mitos hacia el Amor en una muestra de adolescentes y comprobar si existen diferencias en los mitos hacia el amor en función del género. La muestra está formada por un total de 800 estudiantes de Secundaria, 421 chicas y 387 chicos, con una media de edad de 15.98 años (DT = 1.53). El análisis factorial confirmatorio muestra un adecuado ajuste para el modelo bidimensional de siete ítems que se distribuyen en el mito del amor idealizado y el mito del amor maltratador. La escala logra fiabilidades adecuadas (.70 y.86) y en general buenas propiedades psicométricas. Las chicas son las que presentan una visión más idealizada del amor que se relaciona con el sexismo benevolente; mientras que los chicos que presentan su mayor aceptación al mito de la vinculación amor-maltrato son a su vez, los más sexistas hostiles.

Validación de la Escala de Actitudes hacia el Amor en una muestra de adolescentes

Resumen La teoría del amor de Lee es una de las más empleadas en la actualidad. La Escala de Actitudes hacia el Amor—fundamentada en la teoría de Lee—ha demostrado en otras culturas y poblaciones su adecuación psicométrica. No obstante, la escala no ha sido validada en adolescentes. Así, el objetivo del presente estudio es validar la Escala de Actitudes hacia el Amor en una muestra representativa de adolescentes. Un total de 413 estudiantes de educación secundaria contestaron a la escala junto a otro cuestionario que evalúan mitos del amor. El análisis factorial confirmatorio muestra un ajuste adecuado (RMSEA = 0,03) para una estructura de seis dimensiones relacionadas. La escala muestra adecuadas propiedades psico- métricas y una buena fiabilidad.

Performing intelligible genders through violence: bullying as gender practice and heteronormative control

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to analyse adolescents’ perception of bullying and particularly of the ways intelligible masculinities and femininities are performed through violence in the framework of Queer Theory. We conducted a qualitative study using focus groups. The sample was composed of 93 Spanish adolescents (48 girls and 45 boys, mean age 13.7 years) who attended 4 compulsory secondary education schools in Spain and participated voluntarily in the study. Students’ statements revealed that bullying is a strongly gendered phenomenon and an additional way of ‘doing gender’, that is, of performing hegemonic femininities and masculinities at school, imitating and reproducing gender norms and punishing those who transgress them.