Yong-Chan Kwon

Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed O-Dealkylation Coupled With Photochemical NADPH Regeneration

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are multifunctional enzymes with potential applications in chemoenzymatic synthesis of complex chemicals as well as in studies of metabolism and xenobiotics. Widespread application of cytochrome P450s, however, is encumbered by the critical need for redox equivalents in their catalytic function. To overcome this limitation, we studied visible light‐driven regeneration of NADPH for P450‐catalyzed O‐dealkylation reaction; we used eosin Y as a photosensitizing dye, triethanolamine as an electron donor, and [Cp*Rh(bpy)H2O] as an electron mediator. We analyzed catalytic activity of cell‐free synthesized P450 BM3 monooxygenase variant (Y51F/F87A, BM3m2) in the presence of key components for NADPH photoregeneration. The P450‐catalyzed O‐dealkylation reaction sustainably maintained its turnover with the continuous supply of photoregenerated NADPH. Visible light‐driven, non‐enzymatic NADPH regeneration provides a new route for efficient, sustainable utilization of P450 monooxygenases. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 383–390.

Cloning-Independent Expression and Analysis of ω-Transaminases by Use of a Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System

ABSTRACT Herewith we report the expression and screening of microbial enzymes without involving cloning procedures. Computationally predicted putative ω-transaminase (ω-TA) genes were PCR amplified from the bacterial colonies and expressed in a cell-free protein synthesis system for subsequent analysis of their enzymatic activity and substrate specificity. Through the cell-free expression analysis of the putative ω-TA genes, a number of enzyme-substrate pairs were identified in a matter of hours. We expect that the proposed strategy will provide a universal platform for bridging the information gap between nucleotide sequence and protein function to accelerate the discovery of novel enzymes.

Integrating cell‐free biosyntheses of heme prosthetic group and apoenzyme for the synthesis of functional P450 monooxygenase

Harnessing the isolated protein synthesis machinery, cell‐free protein synthesis reproduces the cellular process of decoding genetic information in artificially controlled environments. More often than not, however, generation of functional proteins requires more than simple translation of genetic sequences. For instance, many of the industrially important enzymes require non‐protein prosthetic groups for biological activity. Herein, we report the complete cell‐free biogenesis of a heme prosthetic group and its integration with concurrent apoenzyme synthesis for the production of functional P450 monooxygenase. Step reactions required for the syntheses of apoenzyme and the prosthetic group have been designed so that these two separate pathways take place in the same reaction mixture, being insulated from each other. Combined pathways for the synthesis of functional P450 monooxygenase were then further integrated with in situ assay reactions to enable real‐time measurement of enzymatic activity during its synthesis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1193–1200.

Ribosomal synthesis and in situ isolation of peptide molecules in a cell-free translation system

Although the cell-free translation system is now widely accepted as an efficient platform for production, engineering and screening of recombinant proteins, it has not been successfully used for the synthesis of peptide molecules mainly due to low expression yields and rapid proteolysis of the expressed peptides. In this study, we propose a novel strategy for rapid expression and recovery of peptide molecules which involves the rational design of template DNA and heterogenous cell-free translation reaction in the presence of affinity beads. Various peptide molecules which were not expressed in a detectable level were successfully expressed and recovered in situ in a substantial yield. We expect that the presented approach will be widely used as a versatile platform for the generation of a variety of peptide molecules.

Cloning-independent expression and screening of enzymes using cell-free protein synthesis systems.

We present a strategy for expression and screening of microbial enzymes without involving cloning procedures. Libraries of putative ω-transaminases (ω-TA) and mutated Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB) are PCR-amplified from bacterial colonies and directly expressed in an Escherichia coli-based cell-free protein synthesis system. The open nature of cell-free protein synthesis system also allows streamlined analysis of the enzymatic activity of the expressed enzymes, which greatly shortens the time required for enzyme screening. We expect that the proposed strategy will provide a universal platform for bridging the information gap between nucleotide sequence and protein function, in order to accelerate the discovery of novel enzymes. The proposed strategy can also serve as a viable option for the rapid and precise tuning of enzyme molecules, not only for analytical purposes, but also for industrial applications. This is accomplished via large-scale production using microbial cells transformed with variant genes selected from the cell-free expression screening.